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1
As noted in "Population, Human Resources, Health, and the Environment," an idea ahead of its time in the late 1980s was the idea of:
A)zero population growth.
B)universal religious tolerance.
C)ecologically sustainable development.
D)anti-terrorism preparedness.
2
As identified in "Population, Human Resources, Health, and the Environment," the view that economic development occurs in five basic stages from "traditional society" to "age of high mass consumption" is the:
A)orthodox Rostovian view.
B)modern humanistic view.
C)hard-line globalistic view.
D)socio-environmental view.
3
As disclosed in "Population, Human Resources, Health, and the Environment," the First Assessment Report of the IPCC, released in 1991, contained only passing reference to how climate change would affect human health.
A)True
B)False
4
As presented in "Booms, Busts, and Echoes," restrictive labor laws can limit a country's ability to benefit from:
A)demographic change.
B)foreign aid.
C)tax surpluses.
D)investment opportunities.
5
As stated in "Booms, Busts, and Echoes," it has long been known that increased income leads to:
A)higher birth rates.
B)improved health.
C)an increase in heart disease.
D)a greater risk of unemployment.
6
As explained in "Booms, Busts, and Echoes," throughout human history, epidemics and pandemics have made tremendous impacts on long-term trends in population.
A)True
B)False
7
According to "Consumer Trends in Three Different 'Worlds'," the fastest growing type of household in the United States is:
A)unmarried couples.
B)traditional families.
C)multigenerational families.
D)single persons.
8
As reported in "Consumer Trends in Three Different 'Worlds'," countries classified as W-1 nations include:
A)South Korea.
B)Bangladesh.
C)China.
D)India.
9
As noted in "Consumer Trends in Three Different 'Worlds'," the world's standard of living is rising.
A)True
B)False
10
According to "The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World," twenty-first-century international security will depend on:
A)how many people inhabit the world.
B)whether or not the world will be able to produce enough food for its populations.
C)how the world's population is composed and distributed.
D)the ability of global income to increase more than global population.
11
As noted in "The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World," the extreme population growth in Europe reversed after World War I because:
A)the Industrial Revolution encouraged Europeans to take their skills to poorer countries.
B)a high percentage of young men of reproductive age died in the war.
C)many Europeans were lured to North America with the promise of better conditions.
D)basic healthcare and sanitation began to spread to poorer countries, increasing life expectancy there.
12
As claimed in "The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World," over the next four decades, the vast majority of the world's GDP growth will occur in Europe and North America.
A)True
B)False
13
The author of "It's A Flat World, After All" came to the conclusion that globalization was a reality while he was:
A)surfing the Internet late one night.
B)helping his daughters with their homework.
C)visiting Bangalore, India.
D)attempting to buy goods made in America.
14
As claimed in "It's A Flat World, After All," when the world is flat, you can innovate without having to:
A)emigrate.
B)translate.
C)graduate.
D)obfuscate.
15
As asserted in "It's A Flat World, After All," if Wal-Mart were a country, it would be China's eighth-largest trading partner.
A)True
B)False
16
As described in "The World Is Spiky," the "spiky"-world hypothesis of peaks, hills, and valleys broadly signifies:
A)creation, population, and insulation.
B)innovation, production, and isolation.
C)concentration, emission, and segregation.
D)formation, globalization, and adaptation.
17
As noted in "The World Is Spiky," the most obvious challenge to the flat-world hypothesis is the:
A)high concentration of innovation and scientific advance.
B)leveling effect of modern technology.
C)increase in economic production.
D)urban population explosion worldwide.
18
As argued in "The World Is Spiky," surprisingly few areas are of real significance in today's global economy.
A)True
B)False
19
Much of "Promises and Poverty" focuses on the Gemadro coffee plantation in:
A)Somalia.
B)Ethiopia.
C)Colombia.
D)Tanzania.
20
As identified in "Promises and Poverty," the Gemadro plantation is on land formerly occupied by the Shabuyye, a:
A)religious community.
B)wealthy family.
C)elite military corps.
D)native tribe.
21
According to "Promises and Poverty," the Gemadro coffee plantation is owned by an international consortium of companies, including Starbucks.
A)True
B)False
22
As defined in "A User's Guide to the Century," the era of modern economic growth is:
A)on the horizon.
B)already a fading ember.
C)coincidental with the post-World War II era.
D)two centuries old.
23
As explained in "A User's Guide to the Century," during the 1800s, the military dominance of the United States and Western Europe resulting from vast industrial power, and then colonial dominance over Africa and Asia were among the factors that contributed to a century of:
A)expansionism.
B)isolationism.
C)economic divergence.
D)cultural diversity.
24
As asserted in "A User's Guide to the Century," in geopolitical terms, the uni-polar world of the North Atlantic is over.
A)True
B)False
25
According to "Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century," at temperatures much above 30 degrees Celsius:
A)yields of the most important food, feed, and fiber crops decline precipitously.
B)the need for refrigerated food storage grows exponentially.
C)wildfires break out and destroy many crops.
D)destructive insects breed uncontrollably and attack crops.
26
The authors of "Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century" note the effect of climate change by referring to the deaths of 30,000-50,000 people in 2003 from:
A)a tsunami in Asia.
B)wildfires in Australia.
C)a heat wave in Europe.
D)a flood in South America.
27
As stated in "Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century," the amount of arable land has not changed appreciably in more than half a century.
A)True
B)False
28
As claimed in "The Politics of Hunger," the root cause of high food prices is the:
A)world energy crisis.
B)economic growth of Asia.
C)increase in genetically modified (GM) crops.
D)drought brought on by climate change.
29
As argued in "The Politics of Hunger," those who suffer the most from high food prices are the:
A)farmers in poor countries.
B)traders in the global marketplace.
C)urban poor in developing countries.
D)middle-class in Western nations.
30
As asserted in "The Politics of Hunger," the World Food Program is the only international program not affected by increasing food prices.
A)True
B)False
31
According to "Across Globe, Empty Bellies Bring Rising Anger," as rising food prices threaten to ignite wider anger at a repressive government, the military in Cairo are being put to work:
A)patrolling rural neighborhoods.
B)suppressing protests.
C)herding sheep.
D)baking bread.
32
As reported in "Across Globe, Empty Bellies Bring Rising Anger," voters who cited food and fuel price increases as their main concerns nearly ousted the ruling coalition in the reasonably prosperous nation of:
A)Thailand.
B)Nigeria.
C)Malaysia.
D)Indonesia.
33
As noted in "Across Globe, Empty Bellies Bring Rising Anger," the current spike in global commodity prices is the biggest since the Truman Administration.
A)True
B)False
34
According to "How to Feed 8 Billion People," the world is entering a new food era that will be marked by:
A)lower food prices.
B)a rapid increase in world hunger.
C)sharing land between countries for mutual benefit.
D)closing borders and hoarding resources.
35
As claimed in "How to Feed 8 Billion People," the weak link in our civilization is:
A)water.
B)land.
C)food.
D)fuel.
36
As noted in "How to Feed 8 Billion People," in the United States and Canada, which rank at the top of the food-consumption charts, grain is consumed primarily in its original state.
A)True
B)False
37
The proportion of the developing world's population, as cited in "Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa," that has no access to clean water is:
A)less than one tenth.
B)about one third.
C)nearly one half.
D)over two thirds.
38
As discussed in "Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa," two common patterns of scarcity are:
A)ecological capture and resource marginalization.
B)resource capture and ecological marginalization.
C)structural externalization and economic-induced scarcity.
D)watershed-based shortages and contamination-created limits.
39
As noted in "Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa," social pressures created by environmental scarcity may cause state power to crumble.
A)True
B)False
40
As identified in "The Big Melt," the plateau known as "The Roof of the World," the highest and largest plateau in the world, is the:
A)Antarctic Plateau.
B)Andean Plateau.
C)Colorado Plateau.
D)Tibetan Plateau.
41
According to "The Big Melt," China angered Indochina by damming the:
A)Yangtze River.
B)Brahmaputra River.
C)Mekong River.
D)Ganges River.
42
As quoted in "The Big Melt," Chinese glaciologist Yao Tandong believes that the shrinkage of the glaciers will lead to ecological catastrophe.
A)True
B)False
43
In the spring of 2008, as put forth in "The World's Water Challenge," the international community failed to predict all of the following related to water scarcity except:
A)a spike in food prices.
B)serious droughts affecting key regions of the world.
C)migration patterns related to famine.
D)a rise in energy prices.
44
More than half of the water suitable for human consumption, as described in "The World's Water Challenge," is used for:
A)agriculture.
B)power generation.
C)industry.
D)domestic purposes.
45
Of the 1.8 million people who lose their lives due to unsafe water each year, as noted in "The World's Water Challenge," almost half of them are children.
A)True
B)False
46
As claimed in "Climate Change," the current position in the scientific community with regard to climate change is that:
A)no specific cause of climate change can be identified.
B)many scientists disagree on the cause and effects of climate change, so no definitive statements can be made.
C)climate change is simply a natural fluctuation, the type of which can be documented throughout Earth's history.
D)climate change is dangerous and is caused by humans.
47
As argued in "Climate Change," the toughest part of the climate-change equation is the:
A)disagreement in the scientific community about global warming.
B)speed with which global warming is occurring and how little time is left to make changes.
C)refusal of governments to consider or act on remedies for global warming.
D)false sense of urgency that computer models reflect with regard to a global-warming timetable.
48
As reported in "Climate Change," while global warming will hurt some areas of the world, it will help other areas with extended growing seasons, allowing those areas to ease global food shortages over the long term.
A)True
B)False
49
According to "The Last Straw," one of the greatest potential new threats to Pakistan's stability could come from:
A)expected large-scale earthquakes.
B)civil war in Kashmir.
C)the melting of the Himalaya glaciers.
D)the rise of terrorist groups in India.
50
So far, as described in "The Last Straw," there have been no attempts to place dams on the Indus River in Kashmir to increase Pakistan's water security because:
A)India will not allow it.
B)Pakistan fears these dams could be used as weapons in case of war with India.
C)Pakistan lacks the funding and building skill to undertake such a project.
D)thousands of people, both Indian and Pakistani, would lose their homes.
51
The Indus Waters Treaty, as pointed out in "The Last Straw," has survived nearly 50 years and three wars between India and Pakistan.
A)True
B)False
52
As expressed in "How to Stop Climate Change: The Easy Way," such dire circumstances in the Earth's system as the collapse of the Amazon rainforest, or the release of methane from thawing Siberian permafrost, represent the crossing of:
A)the point of no return.
B)tipping points.
C)environmental limits.
D)into an apocalypse.
53
As brought out in "How to Stop Climate Change: The Easy Way," considering the relative consequences, the author would rather see China building two nuclear reactors weekly than two:
A)plastics factories.
B)military bases.
C)department stores.
D)coal-fired plants.
54
As argued in "How to Stop Climate Change: The Easy Way," when it comes to global warming, many people, subconsciously at least, actually wantto be lied to.
A)True
B)False
55
As mentioned in "Global Warming Battlefields," Al Gore was recognized for his efforts to raise awareness about global warming when he shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with:
A)Jimmy Carter.
B)Doctors Without Borders.
C)the IPCC.
D)the Dalai Lama.
56
As related in "Global Warming Battlefields," a growing body of evidence suggests that severe climate changes have tended to increase the risk of resource-related conflict, as was apparent during 1300–1700, a span of time known as the:
A)Years of Polar Expansion.
B)Geothermic Period.
C)Age of Sub-Glaciation.
D)Little Ice Age.
57
As noted in "Global Warming Battlefields," much research has been devoted to the causes of state collapse and the rise of ethnic militias, but no research has identified a clear, consistent set of precipitating factors.
A)True
B)False
58
As stated in "Executive Summary from Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity," the class of animals whose members face the greatest risk of extinction is:
A)reptiles.
B)amphibians.
C)birds.
D)fish.
59
As asserted in "Executive Summary from Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity," the earliest and most severe impacts of dramatic biodiversity loss and the accompanying degradation of ecosystem services would be faced by:
A)industrial nations.
B)farmers.
C)conservationists.
D)the poor.
60
According to "Executive Summary from Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity," in some scenarios, climate change can be mitigated while maintaining and even expanding the current extent of forests and other natural ecosystems while avoiding additional habitat loss.
A)True
B)False
61
According to "When Diversity Vanishes," the most dramatic diversity collapses:
A)are invariably bad for living things.
B)are mass extinctions.
C)cause sudden, dramatic innovations in evolution.
D)are in the realm of microorganisms.
62
As reported in "When Diversity Vanishes," in finance, diversification reduces risk by:
A)insulating assets from market forces.
B)increasing efficiency of market function.
C)bringing rationality to asset movement and dispersal.
D)spreading money among assets that respond differently during market moves.
63
As pointed out in "When Diversity Vanishes," in expert judgment, the average judgment of a group is better than individual performance.
A)True
B)False
64
As profiled in "When Good Lizards Go Bad," the main habitat of Komodo dragons, the Komodo National Park, is in:
A)Japan.
B)Tanzania.
C)New Zealand.
D)Indonesia.
65
According to "When Good Lizards Go Bad," locals often fed the Komodo dragons by tying to a post a sacrificial:
A)deer.
B)goat.
C)dog.
D)child.
66
As explained in "When Good Lizards Go Bad," park rangers at the Komodo National Park routinely put down animals that develop a taste for human flesh.
A)True
B)False
67
As detailed in "Cry of the Wild," the pre-eminent threat to some species in Asia and Africa is now:
A)lack of interest from international conservation organizations.
B)hunting.
C)Western tourists.
D)local government indifference.
68
As presented in "Cry of the Wild," until recently, animals were killed mostly for:
A)trophy heads.
B)the protection of villagers.
C)subsistence.
D)ivory.
69
As maintained in "Cry of the Wild," the population of hippos has declined substantially in the last decade because hippos are illegally hunted for meat and ivory.
A)True
B)False
70
As mentioned in "Ecosystems and Human Well-Being," the region in which the condition and management of ecosystem services is a dominant factor influencing prospects for reducing poverty is:
A)southeastern Asia.
B)sub-Saharan Africa.
C)the Middle East.
D)eastern Europe.
71
As explained in "Ecosystems and Human Well-Being," 70 percent of water use worldwide is for:
A)industrial use.
B)human consumption.
C)agriculture.
D)recreation.
72
According to "Ecosystems and Human Well-Being," changes in ecosystems influence the abundance of human pathogens such as malaria and cholera as well as the risk of emergence of new diseases.
A)True
B)False
73
According to "The Geography of Ecosystem Services," the value of ecosystem goods and services is largely tied to their:
A)mobility.
B)location.
C)mutability.
D)purity.
74
As noted in "The Geography of Ecosystem Services," the key to protecting and enhancing ecosystem services is:
A)accurate evaluation of use and interaction.
B)communication of dangers.
C)vision of potential use.
D)geographic analysis of biophysical production functions.
75
As stated in "The Geography of Ecosystem Services," ecosystem-protection efforts can be dangerous if they cannot make credible claims about ecological cause and effect.
A)True
B)False
76
The author of "Ecosystem Services" uses three examples of ecosystem services to demonstrate their importance in our lives: flood and natural disaster protection services, water services, and:
A)recreational services.
B)pharmaceutical services.
C)energy services.
D)pollination services.
77
As demonstrated in "Ecosystem Services," an example of an ecosystem that protects against coastal flooding and storms is:
A)coastal sand dunes.
B)mangrove trees.
C)kelp ecosystems.
D)coral reefs.
78
As given in "Ecosystem Services," the human population of the world is expected to reach 12 billion by 2050.
A)True
B)False
79
As revealed in "Global Energy," the two greatest consumers of energy in the world are the United States and:
A)Great Britain.
B)Japan.
C)Canada.
D)China.
80
As reported in "Global Energy," 50 years ago, Western utilities were preoccupied with the:
A)annual double-digit growth of electricity demand.
B)price of a barrel of crude oil.
C)potential offered by nuclear fusion.
D)discoveries of new sources of natural gas.
81
As stated in "Global Energy," by 1974 the U.S. fuel efficiency for car fleets was lower than during the mid-1930s.
A)True
B)False
82
As claimed in "Seven Myths about Alternative Energy," when it comes to promoting alternative energy, the world should:
A)do everything possible to find solutions.
B)invest as much as is feasible in a range of speculative technologies.
C)take as much time as is necessary to come up with reasonable solutions.
D)try to achieve the biggest emissions reductions for the least money in the shortest time.
83
According to "Seven Myths about Alternative Energy," major problems with the concept of "renewable fuels" include all of the following except:
A)fuel crops displace vegetation that soaks up even more carbon than fuel crops do.
B)the process of clearing peatland to grow fuel crops results in serious carbon emissions that can cause long-term environmental damage.
C)it is impossible to grow fuel crops in most types of soil.
D)fuel crops take up valuable land that could be used for growing food.
84
As noted in "Seven Myths about Alternative Energy," "second-generation" biofuels, such as those derived from switchgrass, are a promising new development for controlling global warming.
A)True
B)False
85
As reported in "Half a Tank," the world's people will know oil production has passed its peak when:
A)price and production increase.
B)price and production decrease.
C)price rises and production does not increase.
D)price falls and production does not increase.
86
As stated in "Half a Tank," Robert Hirsch's report on oil production:
A)suggests that the Saudis have consistently underestimated their oil reserves.
B)predicts a world oil-production peak sometime in the twenty-second century.
C)was financed by the departments of Defense and Transportation.
D)notes that economic effects will be less severe if people prepare for the post-peak in advance.
87
As noted in "Half a Tank," United States oil production has not yet reached its peak.
A)True
B)False
88
As profiled in "It's Still the One," Cushing, Oklahoma, is a significant player in the new global oil industry because:
A)it contains the largest oil supplies in the world.
B)it possesses the only oil reserves traded in the stock market.
C)its oil is the benchmark against which other oils are priced.
D)its oil prices are not dependent on global market swings.
89
As explained in "It's Still the One," one of the most problematic aspects of the new age of oil for consumers is the:
A)volatility of the oil market that is reflected in prices at the gas station.
B)shortage of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil, the only oil appropriate for everyday use.
C)fact that all U.S. oil is being traded globally, leaving a shortage in the United States.
D)low quality of the oil that is being produced in the United States.
90
According to "It's Still the One," state-owned oil companies and governments now control more than 80 percent of the world's oil reserves.
A)True
B)False
91
According to "Gas Costs Squeeze Daily Life," an example of "demand elasticity" is:
A)airlines adding flights in the face of aviation fuel costs skyrocketing.
B)reducing expenditures in order to keep driving the same amount as fuel costs rise.
C)Americans driving less as gas prices reach record highs.
D)consumers demanding less expensive gas.
92
As reported in "Do Global Attitudes and Behaviors Support Sustainable Development?" a 2002 survey of the United States found that Americans strongly agreed that humans:
A)have moral duties and obligations to nature.
B)should master nature.
C)have the right to alter nature to satisfy wants and desires.
D)are not a part of nature.
93
As noted in "Do Global Attitudes and Behaviors Support Sustainable Development?" the only nations in which a significant proportion of respondents said that their governments were doing too much to help the poor were:
A)China and Portugal.
B)Great Britain and Spain.
C)Egypt and Japan.
D)the Philippines and the United States.
94
As explained in "Do Global Attitudes and Behaviors Support Sustainable Development?" survey results indicate that more people globally prefer an egalitarian society, where the gap between rich and poor is small, regardless of achievement, to a competitive society, where wealth is distributed according to one's achievement.
A)True
B)False
95
The author of "The Ethics of Respect for Nature" writes of "adopting a certain ultimate moral attitude toward the natural world," an attitude he calls:
A)moral certitude.
B)doing right for the sake of right.
C)unambiguous naturalism.
D)respect for nature.
96
As discussed in "The Ethics of Respect for Nature," the idea that every human being is understood to be worthy of moral consideration, with intrinsic value placed on the autonomy and well-being of each, was expressed by a philosopher as conceiving of persons as ends in themselves; this philosopher was:
A)Schopenhauer.
B)Rousseau.
C)Kant.
D)Kierkegaard.
97
The author of "The Ethics of Respect for Nature" postulates that the idea of a being having a good of its own is not coextensive with sentience or the capacity for feeling pain.
A)True
B)False
98
As expressed in "Environmental Justice for All," the "green rights" argument is a powerful cross-cultural message that strives to make sure that the green revolution is not just for those who:
A)can afford a Prius.
B)recycle.
C)have been on the green bandwagon since the 1970s.
D)hug trees.
99
As stated in "Environmental Justice for All," the new watchwords of today's environmental justice movement include all of the following, except "green:
A)justice."
B)esteem."
C)rights."
D)equality."
100
As pointed out in "Environmental Justice for All," the first wave of environmentalism in the United States was conservation, led by Native Americans.
A)True
B)False
101
According to "Life, Religion and Everything," the crucial new element that scientist and Anglican Christian Rupert Sheldrake hopes to reintroduce to science and religion is:
A)God.
B)nature.
C)spirit.
D)mechanics.
102
As explained in "Life, Religion and Everything," in order for the world's religions to play a part in saving the Earth, they must be open to:
A)a return to pagan beliefs.
B)the concept of dominion over the planet.
C)the idea of the Rapture.
D)a dialogue with science.
103
As noted in "Life, Religion and Everything," Rene Descartes was instrumental in the development of the universe-as-a-machine philosophy.
A)True
B)False
104
As put forth in "Consumption, Not Population, Is Our Main Environmental Threat," for a wide perspective of humanity's effects on the planet's life support systems, the best available measure is the:
A)individual consumer index.
B)ecosystem health assessment.
C)ecological footprint.
D)global integration matrix.
105
The author of "Consumption, Not Population, Is Our Main Environmental Threat" notes that, when it comes to the environment, it is a convenient argument for "over-consumers" in rich countries to blame:
A)over-regulators in their own government.
B)over-consumers in other rich countries.
C)under-providers of oil for energy needs.
D)over-breeders in distant lands.
106
As pointed out in "Consumption, Not Population, Is Our Main Environmental Threat," for the past century, rising per-capita incomes have outstripped the increase in world population several time over.
A)True
B)False
107
The author of "Consumption and Consumerism" makes a point about world priorities by noting that the additional cost to provide reproductive health services for all women in all developing countries would be $12 billion, the same as is spent in Europe and the United States on:
A)perfume.
B)pornography.
C)cigarettes.
D)pet food.
108
As stated in "Consumption and Consumerism," the wealthiest 10 percent of the world's population accounted for:
A)24 percent of all consumption.
B)37 percent of all consumption.
C)59 percent of all consumption.
D)73 percent of all consumption.
109
As given in "Consumption and Consumerism," the richest fifth of the world's people consume 45 percent of all meat and fish.
A)True
B)False
110
In "How Much Should a Person Consume?", the author notes that, when it comes to the American exploitation of resources and the need for conservation, there is silence surrounding the question of:
A)increasing the supply of resources.
B)restraining the appetite in the United States for resources.
C)making more efficient use of available resources.
D)developing substitutes for the resources Americans use.
111
As noted in "How Much Should a Person Consume?", the United States was dubbed "the affluent society" by the economist:
A)John Stuart Mill.
B)Milton Friedman.
C)John Kenneth Galbraith.
D)Alan Greenspan.
112
As given in "How Much Should a Person Consume?", the author states that, in India, state monopolies in sectors such as steel, energy, transport, and communications are necessary to ensure proper pricing of these goods and services.
A)True
B)False
113
As presented in "Reversal of Fortune," the centuries since Adam Smith launched modern economics with his book The Wealth of Nations have been single-mindedly devoted to the dogged pursuit of:
A)distributed wealth.
B)individualized wealth.
C)maximum economic production.
D)global economic equality.
114
As set forth in "Reversal of Fortune," in some ways, the invention of the idea of economic growth was almost as significant as the invention of:
A)war.
B)movable type.
C)fossil-fuel power.
D)nuclear medicine.
115
As noted in "Reversal of Fortune," mainstream liberals and conservatives no longer compete on the question of who can flog the economy harder.
A)True
B)False







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