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1 | |
The criminological theory that states that behavior is rational and a product of free will is the |
| | A) | classical school |
| | B) | positive school |
| | C) | psychological theory |
| | D) | radical theory |
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2 | |
Cesare Beccaria's contention that people are hedonistic means that |
| | A) | delinquency will cease only when the pain caused by delinquency exceeds the pleasure derived from it |
| | B) | punishment should fit the crime |
| | C) | an offender's background, mental capacities, and extenuating circumstances are unimportant to the justice system |
| | D) | all of the above |
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3 | |
One argument of the positivist school is that |
| | A) | if juveniles commit crime because of forces beyond their control, punishing them for that behavior will not reduce the propensity to commit crime again. |
| | B) | people will not commit crime if they know the punishment they face |
| | C) | science has failed to isolate and identify the factors that cause crime, and therefore has been unable to prevent and control crime |
| | D) | rehabilitation efforts had little effect on recidivism |
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4 | |
In the 1970s, the major beliefs of the classical school reemerged and are now often referred to as |
| | A) | neoclassical theory |
| | B) | choice theory |
| | C) | learning theory |
| | D) | biological theory |
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5 | |
A theory that follows from choice theory and states that juveniles will not commit delinquency if the risks outweigh the benefits is known as |
| | A) | classical theory |
| | B) | neoclassical theory |
| | C) | deterrence theory |
| | D) | psychoanalytic theory |
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6 | |
Deterrence theory assumes that for deterrence to the effective |
| | A) | the sanction must be swift, certain, and severe |
| | B) | punishments must be extremely severe |
| | C) | juveniles must learn criminal behavior from successful criminal adults |
| | D) | a group of delinquents must have a high concordance rate |
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7 | |
An example of a biological theory is |
| | A) | Lombroso's atavism theory |
| | B) | psychoanalytic approach |
| | C) | modeling theory |
| | D) | all of the above |
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8 | |
William Sheldon believed that delinquents were |
| | A) | atavistic |
| | B) | endomorphic |
| | C) | mesomorphic |
| | D) | ectomorphic |
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9 | |
A biochemical explanation of delinquency suggests that |
| | A) | the interaction between biological and social factors can lead to delinquency |
| | B) | chemical deficiencies or abnormalities in the body can affect a juvenile's behavior, especially acts of aggression |
| | C) | delinquency is a result of a malfunction in the body's automatic nervous system |
| | D) | delinquency is the result of learning disabilities |
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10 | |
Research on dietary influences |
| | A) | has failed to show any connection between diet and delinquency |
| | B) | has linked high sugar intake to delinquency |
| | C) | has linked deficiencies in vitamins B and C with delinquency but failed to show that sugar has any effect on behavior |
| | D) | has shown that a mother's diet during pregnancy can affect delinquency, but have not shown that a juvenile's diet can influence behavior |
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11 | |
A learning disability linked to delinquency and characterized by inattention and impulsivity is |
| | A) | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
| | B) | vitamin deficiency |
| | C) | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
| | D) | Fight or Flight Syndrome |
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12 | |
Sigmund Freud believed that a person's conscience and moral character was held in a portion of the personality called the |
| | A) | id |
| | B) | ego |
| | C) | superego |
| | D) | superid |
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13 | |
Psychoanalytic theorists have argued that delinquency is a result of |
| | A) | an uncontrolled id |
| | B) | an underdeveloped superego |
| | C) | an underdeveloped ego |
| | D) | all of the above |
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14 | |
Lawrence Kohlberg argued that delinquency was a result of arrested moral development and that |
| | A) | individuals develop in a sequential manner, passing through one step in development, then the next and the next |
| | B) | delinquents are frequently found in Stage 1 or Stage 2 |
| | C) | at each stage, people make decisions about right and wrong for different reasons |
| | D) | all of the above |
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15 | |
The learning theory that states that individuals can learn a conditioned response to a particular stimulus is known as |
| | A) | classical conditioning theory |
| | B) | modeling theory |
| | C) | operant conditioning theory |
| | D) | imitation theory |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education