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1 | |
The basic purpose of all sense organs is to convert stimulus energy (for example, sound or light) into action potentials. Anything that converts one energy form into another like this is called a(n) ____. (p. 240) |
| | A) | adapter |
| | B) | transducer |
| | C) | generator |
| | D) | encoder |
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2 | |
Rods and cones are sensory cells that respond to light are known functionally, as (p. 240) |
| | A) | mechanoreceptors |
| | B) | thermoreceptors |
| | C) | nocioceptors |
| | D) | photoreceptors |
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3 | |
Receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints that inform the brain of the position and movements of the body parts, are functionally known as (p. 240) |
| | A) | nocioceptors |
| | B) | cutaneous receptors |
| | C) | proprioceptors |
| | D) | exteroreceptors |
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4 | |
Which of the following is not considered one of the special senses? (p. 240) |
| | A) | pain |
| | B) | vision |
| | C) | hearing |
| | D) | taste |
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5 | |
The cutaneous senses would include all of the following except (p. 240) |
| | A) | pressure |
| | B) | heat |
| | C) | odor |
| | D) | touch |
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6 | |
Receptors that respond when a stimulus is first applied, but quickly stop responding to continual stimulation, are the (p. 240) |
| | A) | phasic receptors |
| | B) | nocioreceptors |
| | C) | exteroceptors |
| | D) | tonic receptors |
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7 | |
The brain interprets signals from the eye as light even if the eye is actually being stimulated by something else, such as pressure. This best describes (p. 240) |
| | A) | sensory adaptation |
| | B) | visual accommodation |
| | C) | the law of specific nerve energies |
| | D) | the pupillary reflex |
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8 | |
An environmental stimulus acting on the body initially produces an electrical response, called a(n) ____ in the receptor neuron. (p. 241) |
| | A) | generator potential |
| | B) | excitatory postsynaptic potential |
| | C) | action potential |
| | D) | stimulus potential |
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9 | |
Tonic receptors provide information about the intensity of a stimulus through (p. 242) |
| | A) | the duration of their response |
| | B) | the frequency of their action potentials |
| | C) | the amplitude of their action potentials |
| | D) | their generator potentials |
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10 | |
Deep pressure on the skin is sensed by (p. 243) |
| | A) | free nerve endings |
| | B) | Meissner's corpuscles |
| | C) | pacinian corpuscles |
| | D) | Merkel's discs |
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11 | |
From the time a tactile stimulus is detected by a receptor in the foot, to the time the resulting nerve impulses arrive in the postcentral gyrus of the brain, the impulses will have traveled over ____ neurons. (p. 244) |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | hundreds of |
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12 | |
Somatesthetic sensations reach the postcentral gyrus by way of a third-order neuron which begins in the (p. 244) |
| | A) | cerebral medulla |
| | B) | thalamus |
| | C) | medulla oblongata |
| | D) | spinal cord |
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13 | |
A zone of the skin where stimulation generates action potentials in a particular sensory neuron is called that neuron's ____. (p. 244) |
| | A) | receptive field |
| | B) | sensory domain |
| | C) | stimulus modality |
| | D) | projection area |
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14 | |
The two-point touch threshold test serves as a demonstration of (p. 245) |
| | A) | lateral inhibition. |
| | B) | the law of specific nerve energies. |
| | C) | sensory adaptation. |
| | D) | receptive fields. |
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15 | |
The reason Braille can be read by blind people is that the raised dots are (p. 245) |
| | A) | high enough to stimulate the pacinian corpuscles of the skin. |
| | B) | close enough to cause lateral inhibition. |
| | C) | close enough to come within the two-point touch threshold. |
| | D) | sufficiently far apart to exceed the two-point touch threshold. |
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16 | |
The most important effect of lateral inhibition is to (p. 245) |
| | A) | enable two points of skin contact to be felt separately rather than as one. |
| | B) | sharpen perception of the precise location of a stimulus. |
| | C) | enable the brain to distinguish between one sensory modality and another. |
| | D) | allow for stimulus intensity to be encoded in the firing frequency of a neuron. |
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17 | |
The senses of smell and taste have all of the following in common except that they (p. 246) |
| | A) | are both based on exteroceptors. |
| | B) | are both based on chemoreceptors. |
| | C) | can only sense molecules dissolved in liquid. |
| | D) | both transmit to the brain via the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX). |
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18 | |
The sense of taste depends on stimulatory molecules binding with (p. 246) |
| | A) | microvilli of receptor cells |
| | B) | hair cells of the taste buds |
| | C) | nerve endings in the tongue |
| | D) | neurotransmitter receptor sites |
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19 | |
Which of the following does not belong with the others? (p. 247) |
| | A) | salty |
| | B) | aromatic |
| | C) | bitter |
| | D) | sweet |
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20 | |
Of the four basic taste modalities, the one most limited to the tip of the tongue is (p. 247) |
| | A) | bitter |
| | B) | sour |
| | C) | salty |
| | D) | sweet |
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21 | |
Hydrogen ion (H+) is associated with which of the basic taste modalities? (p. 247) |
| | A) | sweet |
| | B) | sour |
| | C) | salty |
| | D) | bitter |
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22 | |
Olfaction (smell) differs from other sensory modalities because it (p. 248) |
| | A) | does not transmit to the cerebral cortex but only to lower brain centers. |
| | B) | does not transmit to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus |
| | C) | can function as either an interoceptor or exteroceptor |
| | D) | uses lateral inhibition |
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23 | |
Hair cells are involved in all of the following receptors except (p. 247) |
| | A) | semicircular canals |
| | B) | the cochlea |
| | C) | taste buds |
| | D) | the utricle |
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24 | |
Three of the following are structural components of the fourth, which is the (p. 250) |
| | A) | cochlea |
| | B) | inner ear |
| | C) | organ of Corti |
| | D) | otolith organs |
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25 | |
Endolymph is found in all the following places except the (p. 249) |
| | A) | saccule |
| | B) | semicircular canals |
| | C) | scala media |
| | D) | scala vestibuli |
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26 | |
Angular acceleration of the body is detected primarily by the (p. 251) |
| | A) | utricle |
| | B) | semicircular canals |
| | C) | organ of Corti |
| | D) | saccule |
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27 | |
The bending of stereocilia away from the direction of the kinocilium of a hair cell causes (p. 250) |
| | A) | nystagmus |
| | B) | vertigo |
| | C) | hyperpolarization |
| | D) | receptor potentials |
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28 | |
The hair cells of a semicircular canal are located in the (p. 251) |
| | A) | ampulla |
| | B) | scala media |
| | C) | otolith membrane |
| | D) | scala vestibuli |
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29 | |
The sensation that the room is spinning when one feels dizzy is due to (p. 252) |
| | A) | after-discharge of the sensory neurons |
| | B) | continued movement of the semicircular canals |
| | C) | inertia of the endolymph fluid |
| | D) | movements of the otolith membrane |
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30 | |
Normal conversation has an average sound intensity of 60 dB. This level is ___ times the intensity of the minimum audible sound. (p. 254) |
| | A) | 6 |
| | B) | 60 |
| | C) | 1,000 |
| | D) | 1,000,000 |
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31 | |
The bone attached to the medial side of the tympanic membrane, is the (p. 254) |
| | A) | stapes |
| | B) | incubus |
| | C) | incus |
| | D) | malleus |
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32 | |
The reason there are three bones (ossicles) between the tympanic membrane and inner ear is (p. 255) |
| | A) | three are needed to span the distance across the middle ear cavity. |
| | B) | the leverage provided by them amplifies the sound to the inner ear. |
| | C) | when necessary, these bones can reduce sound intensity to the inner ear. |
| | D) | so they can produce enough force to move the endolymph of the cochlea. |
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33 | |
Sound waves travel from the air to the tympanic membrane by way of the (p. 254) |
| | A) | pinna |
| | B) | auditory tube |
| | C) | external auditory meatus |
| | D) | cochlear duct |
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34 | |
Which of the following does not belong with the rest? (p. 254) |
| | A) | malleus |
| | B) | utricle |
| | C) | stapes |
| | D) | incus |
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35 | |
The sensory hair cells of the cochlea organ of Corti are anchored on the (p. 257) |
| | A) | basilar membrane |
| | B) | vestibular membrane |
| | C) | tectorial membrane |
| | D) | tympanic membrane |
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36 | |
Sounds of very low frequency do not stimulate the sense of hearing because (p. 257) |
| | A) | they do not vibrate the tympanic membrane. |
| | B) | they are not transmitted by the auditory ossicles. |
| | C) | pressure waves in the perilymph pass through the helicotrema and dissipate without stimulating the basilar membrane. |
| | D) | low frequency vibrations are absorbed by compression of the perilymph. |
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37 | |
Louder sounds are discriminated from quieter sounds on the basis of (p. 258) |
| | A) | how much the stereocilia of the hair cells are bent. |
| | B) | how often the stereocilia of the hair cells are bent. |
| | C) | which region of the organ of Corti vibrates the most. |
| | D) | how many hair cells respond to the stimulus. |
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38 | |
The brain can distinguish high pitched sounds from low pitched sounds because high pitched sounds (p. 258) |
| | A) | cause a higher amplitude of vibration of the organ of Corti. |
| | B) | vibrate the base (proximal) part of the organ of Corti more than the apex (distal) part. |
| | C) | vibrate the distal part of the organ of Corti more than the proximal part. |
| | D) | stimulate the inner hair cells more than the outer hair cells. |
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39 | |
Nerve impulses from the cochlea arrive first in the ____ before projecting to any other part of the brain for interpretation. (p. 259) |
| | A) | auditory cortex |
| | B) | thalamus |
| | C) | inferior colliculus |
| | D) | medulla oblongata |
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40 | |
The death of hair cells by continued exposure to loud music would cause (p. 259) |
| | A) | nerve deafness |
| | B) | conduction deafness |
| | C) | otosclerosis |
| | D) | presbycusis |
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41 | |
The visible spectrum consists of wavelengths of light limited to the range of about (p. 261) |
| | A) | 1010 to 1014 nanometers (nm) |
| | B) | 104 to 106 nanometers (nm) |
| | C) | 400 to 700 nanometers (nm) |
| | D) | 100 to 300 nanometers (nm) |
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42 | |
Light in the infrared part of the spectrum produces (p. 260) |
| | A) | molecular and tissue destruction |
| | B) | visual sensations |
| | C) | heat sensations |
| | D) | pain sensations |
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43 | |
Ultraviolet light is not normally visible to us because it (p. 260) |
| | A) | does not have enough energy to stimulate receptor cells of the retina. |
| | B) | is filtered out by the cornea. |
| | C) | is filtered out by the lens. |
| | D) | is filtered out by the pigmented epithelium. |
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44 | |
The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with (p. 262) |
| | A) | aqueous humor |
| | B) | the vitreous chamber |
| | C) | endolymph |
| | D) | perilymph |
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45 | |
Glaucoma is caused by (p. 263) |
| | A) | inadequate drainage of aqueous humor |
| | B) | swelling of the vitreous body |
| | C) | a hereditary defect in the opsin protein |
| | D) | excessive exposure to ultraviolet light |
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46 | |
The optic nerve and blood vessels exits the eye, and arteries enter it, at the (p. 263) |
| | A) | optic chiasma |
| | B) | macula |
| | C) | fovea centralis |
| | D) | optic disc |
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47 | |
The function of the lens of the eye is to (p. 263) |
| | A) | serve as the major site of refraction of light rays. |
| | B) | make minor adjustments to the refraction of light rays. |
| | C) | control the amount of light entering the eye. |
| | D) | All of these are functions of the lens. |
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48 | |
Vision depends on the proper bending (refraction) of light rays. Most of this refraction occurs in or at the (p. 263) |
| | A) | lens |
| | B) | vitreous body |
| | C) | retina |
| | D) | surface of the cornea |
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49 | |
The ability of the eyes to keep an image focused on the retina despite changes in the distance to the object viewed is called (p. 266) |
| | A) | refraction |
| | B) | hyperopia |
| | C) | adaptation |
| | D) | accommodation |
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50 | |
When an object is more than twenty feet from the eye and is clearly focused on the retina, all of the following conditions exist except the (p. 266) |
| | A) | lens is in its flattest, least convex form. |
| | B) | lens is relaxed. |
| | C) | ciliary muscle is relaxed. |
| | D) | zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament are tensed. |
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51 | |
The near point of vision test is used to measure (p. 266) |
| | A) | visual acuity |
| | B) | ability to accommodate |
| | C) | saccadic eye movements |
| | D) | astigmatism |
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52 | |
Myopia (nearsightedness) is usually caused by (p. 267) |
| | A) | decreasing flexibility of the lens with age |
| | B) | an eyeball that is slightly too short |
| | C) | an eyeball that is slightly too long |
| | D) | a cornea with asymmetric curvature. |
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53 | |
Hyperopia (farsightedness) is corrected with (p. 267) |
| | A) | convex lenses |
| | B) | concave lenses |
| | C) | cylindrical lenses |
| | D) | bifocal lenses |
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54 | |
Cylindrical lenses are used to correct (p. 267) |
| | A) | myopia |
| | B) | presbyopia |
| | C) | astigmatism |
| | D) | hyperopia |
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55 | |
The cone photoreceptor neurons serve all of the following functions except (p. 268) |
| | A) | vision at normal daylight intensities |
| | B) | sharply detailed vision |
| | C) | color vision |
| | D) | a high degree of light sensitivity |
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56 | |
Which of the following does not belong with the rest? (p. 269) |
| | A) | rod cells |
| | B) | amacrine cells |
| | C) | bipolar cells |
| | D) | ganglion cells |
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57 | |
The light energy (color) absorbed best by rhodopsin (visual purple) is (p. 269) |
| | A) | violet |
| | B) | red |
| | C) | green |
| | D) | yellow |
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58 | |
When light is absorbed by rod cells, all of the following events happen except (p. 270) |
| | A) | retinene is converted form the 11-cis to the all-trans form. |
| | B) | the rod cells become depolarized. |
| | C) | the dark current of the rod cells is decreased. |
| | D) | the bipolar cells are excited. |
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59 | |
Different groups of cone cells are specialized for absorption in all the following regions of the visible spectrum except (p. 271) |
| | A) | green |
| | B) | red |
| | C) | blue |
| | D) | yellow |
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60 | |
The optic nerve is composed of one axon fiber extending from each ___ cell in the retina.(p. 272) |
| | A) | ganglion |
| | B) | bipolar |
| | C) | cone |
| | D) | amacrine |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education