Chapter Objectives

After studying this chapter, students should be able to . . .

1.

Describe the functions of the respiratory system, distinguish between the conducting and respiratory zone structures, and discuss the significance of the thoracic membranes.

2.

Explain how the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures vary during ventilation and relate these pressure changes to Boyle's law.

3.

Define the terms compliance and elasticity and explain how these lung properties affect ventilation.

4.

Discuss the significance of surface tension in lung mechanics, explain how the law of La Place applies to lung function, and describe the role of pulmonary surfactant.

5.

Explain how inspiration and expiration are accomplished in unforced breathing and describe the accessory respiratory muscles used in forced breathing.

6.

Define the various lung volumes and capacities that can be measured by spirometry and explain how obstructive diseases may be detected by the FEV test.

7.

Describe the nature of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis.

8.

Explain Dalton's law and illustrate how the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is calculated.

9.

Explain Henry's law, describe how blood P_O2and P_CO2are measured, and discuss the clinical significance of these measurements.

10.

Describe the roles of the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebral cortex in the regulation of breathing.

11.

Explain why the P_CO2 and pH of blood, rather than its oxygen content serve as the primary stimuli in the control of breathing.

12.

Explain how the chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and the peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies respond to changes in P_CO2, pH, and P_O2.

13.

Describe the Hering, Breuer reflex and discuss its significance.

14.

Describe the different forms of hemoglobin and discuss the significance of these different forms.

15.

Describe the loading and unloading reactions and explain how the extent of these reactions is influenced by the P_O2 and affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

16.

Describe the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, discuss the significance of its shape, and demonstrate how this curve is used to derive the unloading percentage for oxygen.

17.

Explain how oxygen transport is influenced by changes in blood pH and temperature, and explain the effect and physiological significance of 2,3-DPG on oxygen transport.

18.

List the different forms in which carbon dioxide is carried by the blood and explain the chloride shift in the tissues and the reverse chloride shift in the lungs.

19.

Explain how carbon dioxide affects blood pH and how hypoventilation and hyperventilation affect acid-base balance.

20.

Describe the hyperpnea of exercise and explain how the anaerobic threshold is affected by endurance training.

21.

Explain the respiratory adjustments to life at a high altitude.

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