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1 | |
The primary function of the kidney is to regulate the intracellular fluid environment in the body.(p. 526) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | |
Urine is actually plasma that has been filtered and modified by the kidney tubules. (p. 526) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | |
The urethra collects urine from the renal pelvis and transports it to the urinary bladder. (p. 526) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | |
The internal urethral sphincter (the upper sphincter) is composed of smooth muscle, but the external urethral sphincter (the lower sphincter) is composed of skeletal muscle and thus its voluntary control is learned early in life. (p. 528) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | |
The functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for the formation of urine is called the renal pyramid. (p. 528) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
The glomerulus is the structure that is thought of as the "filter" of the kidney since it forms a fluid called filtrate (or ultrafiltrate) from blood. (p. 528) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | |
The glomerulus, the glomerular capsule, and the proximal convoluted tubule are all located within the medulla region of the kidney. (p. 528) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
There are two types of nephrons, which are classified according to their position within the kidney and to the lengths of their loops of Henle. (p. 530) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
The kidney filtrate becomes urine only when is passes through the distal tubules and enters the collecting ducts. (p. 530) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
Polycystic kidney disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that is caused by a defective gene; leading to the formation of expanded portions of the kidney tubules (cysts) and progressive renal failure later in life. (p. 530) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | |
Plasma proteins can pass through the glomerular capillary pores yet do not appear in the filtrate mainly because they are too large and are repelled by negative charges on the basement membrane outside the capillary wall. (p. 531) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
The protein concentration of the kidney tubular fluid (ultrafiltrate) is greater than that of the plasma. (p. 532) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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13 | |
Our total urine production each day is greater than our daily glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (p. 534) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | |
A fall in systemic arterial blood pressure toward 70 mm Hg releases locally produced chemicals that dilate the afferent arterioles, thus keeping the GFR relatively constant (renal autoregulation). (p. 533) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
When blood pressure falls, sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nerve activity vasoconstricts afferent arterioles while renal autoregulation (acting locally) will vasodilate the afferent arterioles - working to maintain a constant flow of blood to the kidney. (p. 533) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
The tubuloglomerular feedback process describes how the macula densa senses an increased flow of filtrate and signals the afferent arteriole to constrict, thus lowering the GFR (a form of negative feedback) (p. 534) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
Only 400 ml of urine per day, known as the obligatory water loss, is required by the kidney to excrete the metabolic wastes produced by the body. (p. 534) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
Reabsorption is the movement of filtered water and molecules from the nephron tubules, through the tubular epithelial cells and eventually into the blood. (p. 534) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
The osmolality of the filtrate is essentially the same as that of plasma at 300 mOsm/L and is thus isosmotic with the plasma. (p. 534) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
In the proximal tubule, the Na+/K+ pumps are located along both the apical and basal sides of the epithelial cell membranes. (p. 535) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
Nearly two-thirds of salt and water in the original ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule and returned to the blood. (p. 535) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | |
For water reabsorption (osmosis) to occur from the filtrate, the tissue fluid flowing outside the nephron between the interstitial cells of the renal medulla must be hypotonic. (p. 536) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
The tubular fluid leaving the loop of Henle and entering the distal tubule in the kidney cortex is hypotonic (with a concentration of about 100 mOsm), whereas the tissue fluid in the medulla is simultaneously made hypertonic. (p. 537) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
Because plasma proteins (colloids) are present in the blood but not in the medullary fluid, water flows from the medulla into the peritubular (vasa recta) capillaries, thus removing water from the renal medulla. (p. 538) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | |
As a result of the recycling of salt between the ascending and descending limbs and the recycling of urea between the collecting duct and the loop of Henle, the tissue fluid of the medulla is made very hypotonic. (p. 538) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | |
The permeability of the cell membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells to water is dependent on the number of aquaporins (water channels) present in those membranes. (p. 540) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
In response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), cAMP is activated as a second messenger to direct the fusion of water channel vesicles to the membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells; and thus increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water and increasing water reabsorption. (p. 540) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
During dehydration, osmoreceptors located in the kidney respond to an increase in blood osmotic pressure by increasing the secretion of ADH. (p. 541) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | |
Secretion is the movement of solutes in a direction opposite to that of reabsorption. (p. 541) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | |
The amount of inulin passing into the urine and excreted each minute can be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of both kidneys. (p. 542) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
Renal plasma clearance is the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed or "cleared" in one minute by excretion of that substance in the urine. (p. 542) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
If a substance is filtered and secreted by the nephron, its plasma clearance rate will be a number that is less than the glomerular filtration rate. (p. 543) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
Urea, a waste product that is formed in the liver from amino acids during protein metabolism, is filtered at the glomerulus and partially reabsorbed along the nephron and returned to the blood. (p. 544) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
Blood entering the kidneys through the renal artery will be completely free of wastes when it exits the kidneys through the renal vein. (p. 544) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | |
The plasma clearance of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be used to measure the total amount of blood flowing through the kidneys in one minute - also known as the total renal blood flow. (p. 544) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | |
Roughly 80% of the total flow of plasma to the kidneys is filtered at the glomerulus; while the remaining 20% of the unfiltered blood plasma passes on to the efferent arterioles and the vasa recta. (p. 544) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
The appearance of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) occurs only when the plasma concentration of glucose is abnormally high (hyperglycemia), thereby exceeding the renal plasma threshold for glucose reabsorption.(p. 545) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | |
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by the inadequate secretion or action of insulin resulting in hypoglycemia (measured after fasting) and the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine. (p. 546) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are similar diseases, differing only in severity of their symptoms. (p. 541) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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40 | |
Approximately 90% of the filtered Na+ and K+ is reabsorbed without the influence of hormones in the early part of the nephron. (p. 546) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | |
In the absence of aldosterone, an impressive 2% of the filtered Na+ (roughly 30 g) will be excreted with the urine each day. (p. 546) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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42 | |
Aldosterone works to reabsorb potassium primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule and in the cortical region of the collecting duct. (p. 546) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | |
The action of aldosterone on the nephron is the only means by which the body can get rid of any excess plasma potassium (K+). (p. 547) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Cardiac arrhythmias, and even death, can occur when plasma K+ concentrations are abnormally high (hyperkalemia) or low (hypokalemia). (p. 547) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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45 | |
A rise in the plasma Na+ concentration has a direct effect on the adrenal cortex, resulting in an increase in the secretion of aldosterone. (p. 547) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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46 | |
Renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are the only two enzymes (responsible for catalyzing chemical reactions) in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; the other compounds are functioning as hormones. (p. 547) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | |
The macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) act to inhibit renin, and thus aldosterone, secretion when the blood and filtrate Na+ concentrations are raised. (p. 548) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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48 | |
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is a buffer to which free H+ can bind, thus causing the concentration of free H+ to fall and the pH value of the body fluids to rise. (p. 550) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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49 | |
In the regulation of whole body pH, the lungs are primarily responsible for the control of bicarbonate ions whereas the kidneys are primarily responsible for the control of carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (p. 550) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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50 | |
Given a normal level of bicarbonate ion in the blood (21-26 mEq/L), then a rise in PCO2 levels greater than 45 mmHg results in a condition known as respiratory alkalosis. (p. 554) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
A blood pH higher than 7.35 due to low PCO2 results in a condition known as respiratory alkalosis. (p. 552) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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52 | |
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is located on the apical cell membrane of the proximal tubule cells along the nephron, in contact with the filtrate. (p. 551) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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53 | |
In order for bicarbonate ion to be reabsorbed from filtrate and returned into the blood, it must first combine with carbon dioxide. (p. 551) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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54 | |
Clinically, one of the most important kidney functions involves the ability of the kidneys to regulate blood volume in the management of high blood pressure. (p. 552) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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55 | |
That part of the nephron where most diuretic drugs act to promote water loss is the proximal convoluted tubule. (p. 552) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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56 | |
The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide are much more powerful diuretics than the loop diuretics like furosemide and ethacrynic acid. (p. 553) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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57 | |
Hemodialysis can be performed several times a day at home, whereas continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is commonly performed three times a week for several hours each session. (p. 554) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education