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1 | |
Cerebrospinal fluid, fluid within the eyes, joints, and body cavities, and fluid secretions of exocrine glands are all classified specifically as ______________ fluid. |
| | A) | intracellular |
| | B) | extracellular |
| | C) | transcellular |
| | D) | None of the above |
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2 | |
What are the two major factors that regulate the movement of water and electrolytes from one fluid compartment to the next? |
| | A) | hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
| | B) | sodium concentration and osmotic pressure |
| | C) | hydrostatic pressure and potassium concentration |
| | D) | concentration of all electrolytes combined and water pressure |
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3 | |
What trigger signals the brain to increase the output of ADH for water conservation? |
| | A) | thickened saliva signals the sympathetic nervous system |
| | B) | osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH |
| | C) | chemoreceptors in the renal tubule sense the increased viscosity of renal filtrate and signal the hypothalamus which, in turn, signals the posterior pituitary |
| | D) | the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses the greater osmotic pressure in the blood and triggers the release of ADH |
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4 | |
How does alcohol function as a diuretic? |
| | A) | Alcohol dilutes the blood and thus enables increased urine output. |
| | B) | Alcohol receptors in the liver sense its presence and trigger a biochemical pathway that increases urine output to rid the body of alcohol. |
| | C) | Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH and thus urine output is increased. |
| | D) | Alcohol prevents the distal convoluted tubule from reabsorbing water from the filtrate. |
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5 | |
A so-called "salt craving" is primarily the result of _________________. |
| | A) | a learned behavior |
| | B) | a genetic disease |
| | C) | dehydration |
| | D) | a severe electrolyte deficiency |
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6 | |
_______________ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid. |
| | A) | potassium |
| | B) | calcium |
| | C) | sodium |
| | D) | sulfate |
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7 | |
The hormone aldosterone regulates the concentrations of _____________ and ______________ in the body. |
| | A) | potassium ions and sodium ions |
| | B) | calcium ions and phosphate ions |
| | C) | calcium ions and chloride ions |
| | D) | phosphate ions and sulfate ions |
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8 | |
Edema can be caused by all of these factors except ________________. |
| | A) | an increase in the plasma protein concentration |
| | B) | obstruction of lymphatic vessels |
| | C) | increased capillary permeability because of inflammation |
| | D) | increased venous pressure |
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9 | |
The imbalance known as ____________ can be caused by certain diuretic medications. |
| | A) | hyponatremia |
| | B) | hypernatremia |
| | C) | hypokalemia |
| | D) | hyperkalemia |
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10 | |
Which of the following does not occur as a result of a shift in the acid- base balance of the body? |
| | A) | an alteration in the rate of enzyme-controlled metabolic reactions |
| | B) | an increase in metabolic efficiency within the cells |
| | C) | a shift in the distribution of other ions |
| | D) | a modification in hormone actions |
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11 | |
Choose the factor that is not a major metabolic source of hydrogen ions in the body. |
| | A) | aerobic and anaerobic respiration of glucose |
| | B) | oxidation of amino acids that contain sulfur |
| | C) | hydrolysis of phosphoproteins |
| | D) | dehydration synthesis of nucleic acids |
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12 | |
The three most important buffer systems in body fluids include the bicarbonate buffer system, the ______________ buffer system, and the protein buffer system. |
| | A) | calcium |
| | B) | sodium |
| | C) | phosphate |
| | D) | hemoglobin |
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13 | |
How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids? |
| | A) | During increased air exchange, more oxygen is exchanged with body cells, binding hydrogen ions. |
| | B) | During increased air exchange, more carbon dioxide is given off, returning hydrogen ion concentrations to normal. |
| | C) | During increased respiration over the long term, more hemoglobin is produced, thus increasing the buffering of the blood |
| | D) | The rate and depth of breathing does not alter hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids. |
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14 | |
Which of these is considered a secondary defense against changes in pH? |
| | A) | renal excretion of hydrogen ions |
| | B) | the bicarbonate buffer system |
| | C) | the phosphate buffer system |
| | D) | the protein buffer system |
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15 | |
The accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood is a condition known as ________________. |
| | A) | ketonuria |
| | B) | proteinuria |
| | C) | azotemia |
| | D) | acetonuria |
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16 | |
Which body compartment contains the greatest relative amount of water? |
| | A) | extracellular |
| | B) | intracellular |
| | C) | plasma |
| | D) | transcellular |
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17 | |
_____is the most common extracellular cation, while _____ is the most abundant intracellular cation. |
| | A) | sodium; Ca++ |
| | B) | K+; Na+ |
| | C) | sodium; potassium |
| | D) | K+; Ca++ |
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18 | |
Which of these values would be the smallest? |
| | A) | metabolic water |
| | B) | output |
| | C) | water in food |
| | D) | water in beverages |
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19 | |
Which of these conditions leads to a severe, life- threatening water loss? |
| | A) | Diabetes mellitus, type 1 |
| | B) | Diabetes mellitus, type 2 |
| | C) | Diabetes insipidus |
| | D) | hyponatremia |
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20 | |
An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed ______. |
| | A) | inflammation |
| | B) | necrosis |
| | C) | hypoproteinemia |
| | D) | edema |
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21 | |
The most serious consequence of potassium imbalances is _____. |
| | A) | seizure |
| | B) | nerve damage |
| | C) | renal failure |
| | D) | cardiac abnormalities |
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22 | |
What is the normal pH of the blood? |
| | A) | 7-8 |
| | B) | 7.35-7.45 |
| | C) | 7.10-7.50 |
| | D) | 7.3-7.4 |
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23 | |
This is probably the greatest source of H+? |
| | A) | carbon dioxide |
| | B) | lactic acid |
| | C) | oxidation of fatty acids |
| | D) | hydrolysis reactions |
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24 | |
What is the most significant plasma buffer? |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | albumin |
| | C) | hemoglobin |
| | D) | bicarbonate |
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25 | |
What is the most effective intracellular buffer? |
| | A) | bicarbonate |
| | B) | phosphate |
| | C) | hemoglobin |
| | D) | lactate |
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26 | |
Which of the following is the most toxic? |
| | A) | urea |
| | B) | NH3 |
| | C) | NH4+ |
| | D) | carbonic acid |
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27 | |
Diabetic ketoacidosis is an example of which imbalance? |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic alkalosis |
| | D) | metabolic acidosis |
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28 | |
What of the following is not likely to cause acidosis? |
| | A) | lung cancer |
| | B) | fever |
| | C) | renal failure |
| | D) | diarrhea |
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29 | |
What is the term for a condition of widespread edema? |
| | A) | anasarca |
| | B) | anuria |
| | C) | uremia |
| | D) | ketonuria |
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30 | |
Which of these is not a common consequence of vomiting? |
| | A) | dehydration |
| | B) | metabolic acidosis |
| | C) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | D) | alkalosis |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education