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Reading and Study Skills, 7/e

John Langan

More Mastery Tests

Definitions and Examples

In the spaces provided, write the number of the sentence in each selection that contains a definition. Then write the number of the sentence that provides the first example of the definition.

¹Admittedly a good deal of our social interaction is motivated by self-interest. ²You may offer to run an errand for a professor because you hope that he or she will take that help into account when awarding grades. ³Or you may offer to take care of the neighbors' dog while they are away on vacation because you want them to take care of your cat when you go on vacation. ⁴But if behavior that benefits others is not linked to personal gain, it is called altruistic behavior. ⁵For example, many people go to considerable trouble to help a sick neighbor, take in a family left homeless by fire, or serve as hospital aides. ⁶Charitable contributions are often directed at strangers and made anonymously.


1		Definition:



2		Example:

¹Generally, nurses work directly with patients. ²However, in some instances, they function as patients' advocates; that is, they work indirectly on behalf of the patient or intercede for the patient. ³For example, the nurse who lobbies in the legislature in support of programs of benefit to the consumer of health services functions as a patient advocate. ⁴A few other examples are the nurse who seeks the services of other health practitioners on behalf of a patient; the nurse who intercedes for patients by helping them obtain services from various community health agencies; and the nurse who intercedes for the patients by interpreting their needs to family. ⁵Nurses become patient advocates also as they plan total health care while serving as a member of the health team.


3		Definition:



4		Example:

¹Price lining is based on the fact that most retailers have more than one product to price, and a number of substitute products or brands within each product category. ²For instance, a women's clothing store may offer a variety of wool scarves. ³But consumers will not respond to a series of minor price differences, such as scarves at $6.50, $6.60, $6.70, $6.90, $7.00, and so on. ⁴Instead, buyers prefer a few prices that seem to differentiate the product into "lines" based on some attribute such as quality or prestige. ⁵For instance, there may be scarves priced at $5, $8, $10, and $16. ⁶These prices clearly indicate that there are scarves for the economy-minded at $5, medium-quality scarves at $8 and $10, and top-of-the-line scarves at $16. ⁷Price lining means, then, that a limited number of prices are established for the products or brands within a product class.


5		Definition:



6		Example:

¹When teachers feel that a certain child will do well in school, that child probably will do well. ²The self-fulfilling prophecy, by which people act as they are expected to, has been documented in many different situations. ³In the "Oak School experiment," some teachers in this California school were told at the beginning of the term that some of their pupils had shown unusual potential for intellectual growth. ⁴Actually, the children had been chosen at random. ⁵Yet several months later many of them-especially first- and second-graders-showed unusual gains in IQ. ⁶And the teachers seemed to like the "bloomers" better. ⁷Their teachers do not appear to have spent more time with them than with the other children or to have treated them differently in any obvious ways. ⁸Subtler influences may have been at work, possibly in the teachers' tone of voice, facial expression, touch, and posture.


7		Definition:



8		Example:

¹Resocialization differs from other types of adult socialization in that it points to a rapid and drastic change, usually one that is forced on the individual to some degree. ²Military service involves resocialization, since it is a deliberate attempt to remold a person's life and personality in certain respects. ³The recruit is stripped of previous status and gains a new status only by meeting the demands of the military. ⁴A more extreme example is that of religious conversion, in which the person may feel completely reoriented-experiencing a sense of rebirth into a new personality or of having been "born again." ⁵Both the recruit and the convert experience a change from an old lifestyle to a new one that is willingly accepted and not seen as abandoning old loyalties.


9		Definition:



10		Example:

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