E. Mavis Hetherington,
University of Virginia
Ross D. Parke,
University of California
Mark Schmuckler,
University of Toronto at Scarborough
Below are this chapter's featured key terms. The textbook's full glossary is also available for online searching.
| associative learning | According to Jensen, lower-level learning tapped in tests of such things as short-term memorization and recall, attention, rote learning, and simple associative skills. Also called level I learning.
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| Bayley Scales of Infant Development | A set of nonverbal tests that measure specific developmental milestones and that are most often used with children who are thought to be at risk for abnormal development.
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| cognitive learning | According to Jensen, higher-level learning tapped in tests of such things as abstract thinking, the use of symbolic processes, conceptual learning, and the use of language in problem solving. Also called level II learning.
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| congenital | Describing deficits or defects that the child incurs in the womb or during the birth process.
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| creativity | The ability to solve problems, create products, or pose questions in a way that is novel or unique; also, the ability to envision new problems not yet recognized by others and to come up with their solutions.
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| culture-fair test | A test that attempts to minimize cultural biases in content that might influence the test taker's responses.
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| cumulative risk | The notion that risk factors in children's life circumstances have cumulative negative effects on their intellectual performance.
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| deviation IQ | An IQ score that indicates the extent to which a person's performance on a test deviates from age-mates' average performance.
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| factor analysis | A statistical procedure used to determine which of a number of factors or scores are both closely related to each other and relatively independent of other groups of factors or scores.
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| general factor (g) | General mental energy or ability that is involved in all cognitive tasks.
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| Head Start | A federally funded program that provides disadvantaged young children with preschool experience, social services, and medical and nutritional assistance.
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| idiot savant | A mentally retarded or sometimes autistic person who shows a remarkable talent in one particularized area of knowledge, such as the ability to predict the date and the day of the week many years in the future.
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| intellectual giftedness | A characteristic defined by an IQ score of 130 or over; gifted children learn faster than others and may show early exceptional talents in certain areas.
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) | An index of the way a person performs on a standardized intelligence test relative to the way others his or her age perform.
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| Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) | An intelligence test designed to measure several types of information processing skills as well as achievement in some academic subjects.
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| mental age | An index of a child's actual performance on an intelligence test as compared with his true age.
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| mental retardation | A characteristic defined by an IQ score below 70 and the inability to cope adequately with age-appropriate activities in everyday life.
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| psychometrician | A psychologist who specializes in the construction and use of tests designed to measure various psychological constructs, such as intelligence, motivation, achievement orientation, and personality characteristics.
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| recovery | The ability to recognize a new stimulus as novel and to direct attention to it in preference to a familiar stimulus.
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| reliability | The degree to which a test yields consistent results over successive administrations.
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| specific factors (s) | Factors that are unique to particular cognitive tasks.
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| standardization | The process by which test constructors ensure that testing procedures, instructions, and scoring are identical on every testing occasion.
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| Stanford-Binet Test | The modern version of the first major intelligence test; emphasizes verbal and mathematical skills.
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| test norm | Values or sets of values that describe the typical performance of a specific group of people.
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| theory of multiple intelligences | Gardner's multifactorial theory that proposes seven distinct types of intelligence.
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| triarchic theory of intelligence | A theory that proposes three major components of intelligent behaviour: information processing skills, experience with a particular situation, and ability to adapt to the demands of a context.
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| two-generation program | A program of early cognitive intervention that extends help to parents as well as to their children.
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| validity | The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure.
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| Wechsler Intelligence Scales | Three intelligence tests for infants, children, and adults that yield separate scores for verbal and performance IQ as well as a combined IQ score.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education