Mark is a teacher of high school mathematics. He has read that parental involvement in their children's education is virtually nonexistent by the time the students reach high school. What can Mark do as a teacher to encourage parental involvement?
Karen is on a school board committee studying how the transition to middle school may decrease student motivation and lead to social and academic problems that may continue into high school. She wants to present an overview of the psychological research on this issue. What have psychologists found to be the negative roles that middle schools play in achievement and motivation?