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1 | |
Piaget and Kohlberg agree that young children are oriented toward obedience. However, Piaget believed this is true because children ______ whereas Kohlberg believed it is because children ______ . |
| | A) | depend on authority; feel guilty for their wrongdoing |
| | B) | feel guilty for their wrongdoing; depend on authority |
| | C) | avoid punishment and gain rewards; respect authority |
| | D) | respect authority; avoid punishment and gain rewards |
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2 | |
Children rated by their peers and teachers as more ______ have been found to be more mature in social judgments. |
| | A) | athletic |
| | B) | reflective |
| | C) | popular |
| | D) | understanding |
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3 | |
Which of the following prosocial behaviours would likely be acquired last? |
| | A) | comforting another child who is in distress |
| | B) | sharing one's food with a sibling |
| | C) | giving a Band-aid to mommy for her cut finger |
| | D) | becoming agitated at another child's distress. |
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4 | |
One method parents often use to help their child learn to engage in prosocial behaviour is to ask the child to assist a parent with household tasks This strategy has been found to _____ . |
| | A) | increase only North American children's prosocial behaviour. |
| | B) | increase children's prosocial behaviour. |
| | C) | decrease children's prosocial behaviour cross-culturally. |
| | D) | decrease North American children's prosocial behaviour, but increase the prosocial behaviour of Asian children. |
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5 | |
Which of the following strategies has been found to be ineffective in controlling aggression? |
| | A) | draining off excess aggressive energy by acting aggressively in a safe situation |
| | B) | rewarding responses which are incompatible with aggression |
| | C) | have the aggressive children generate a greater number of possible alternative responses to aggression |
| | D) | making children aware of the negative consequences of their aggression |
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6 | |
When asked why she doesn't hit her sister, Hilary replies "So my mom won't make me sit in the quiet chair.". Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development does her answer exemplify? |
| | A) | good boy morality |
| | B) | morality of self-accepted moral principles |
| | C) | naive hedonistic and instrumental orientation |
| | D) | obedience and punishment orientation |
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7 | |
Which of the following is most viewed as arbitrary, relative, and varying across communities and cultures? |
| | A) | moral issues |
| | B) | social conventions |
| | C) | monogamy issues |
| | D) | political conventions |
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8 | |
Studies of prosocial behaviour in children have found which of the following characteristics to be correct? |
| | A) | The form of the child's altruistic behaviour changes across time. |
| | B) | The expression of the child's altruistic behaviour remains the same. |
| | C) | Children require more direct cues in order to respond appropriately as they become older. |
| | D) | All children exhibit similar emotional reactions to another's distress. |
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9 | |
Two of the most important determinants of altruism are __________ and __________ abilities. |
| | A) | self-control; nurturing |
| | B) | empathy; role-taking |
| | C) | age; educational |
| | D) | gender; cognitive |
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10 | |
When compared to parents of non-aggressive children, parents of aggressive children monitor their children's behaviour |
| | A) | more. |
| | B) | less. |
| | C) | equally. |
| | D) | directly. |
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11 | |
Jean Piaget indicates that the child who subscribes to immanent justice |
| | A) | believes that rules can be changed because they are merely agreed-upon conventions. |
| | B) | recognizes that punishment for wrongdoing is not inevitable. |
| | C) | judges the goodness of behaviour by focusing on the consequences of behaviour. |
| | D) | is usually a child between 10 and 12 years old. |
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12 | |
Lawrence Kohlberg argues that the distinctions between the three levels of moral reasoning have to do with |
| | A) | the degree of internalization. |
| | B) | the immediacy of the consequences for moral actions. |
| | C) | the severity of punishments experienced. |
| | D) | the social pressure of peers. |
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13 | |
If a person can experience another's feelings and respond in a similar way, this is called |
| | A) | pity. |
| | B) | empathy. |
| | C) | sympathy. |
| | D) | understanding. |
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14 | |
Which of the following actions is an example of altruism? |
| | A) | sharing possessions |
| | B) | resisting temptation |
| | C) | saying thank you |
| | D) | not eating food with one's fingers |
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15 | |
Martin Hoffman recommends that parents promote the moral development of their children and adolescents through |
| | A) | love withdrawal. |
| | B) | power assertion. |
| | C) | reasoning, discussion, and explanation. |
| | D) | altruism. |
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16 | |
Which approach to reducing youth violence appears to be the most promising? |
| | A) | anger management programs |
| | B) | having police talk to youth at school |
| | C) | using scare tactics in the home and at school |
| | D) | using an "awareness" approach on television |
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17 | |
One of the best ways to get adolescents to volunteer in a community activity is to |
| | A) | use direct teaching of volunteering skills. |
| | B) | model and encourage them to volunteer. |
| | C) | have them read about community need. |
| | D) | have public service announcements on television. |
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18 | |
____ is basing one's decision to perform a prosocial act on the basis of expected material reward. |
| | A) | Kohlbergian reasoning |
| | B) | Eisenbergian reasoning |
| | C) | Hedonistic reasoning |
| | D) | Needs-oriented reasoning |
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19 | |
In the evolution of prosocial reasoning, the first level is |
| | A) | hedonistic, self focused. |
| | B) | recognition of the needs of others. |
| | C) | seeking others' approval. |
| | D) | internalization. |
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20 | |
Preschool girls display more _____ aggression while preschool boys exhibit more ____ aggression. |
| | A) | physical; verbal |
| | B) | verbal; physical |
| | C) | hostile; delinquent |
| | D) | delinquent; hostile |
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21 | |
Nursery school children display more _____ aggression while 6-to 7-year-olds display more _____ aggression. |
| | A) | instrumental; hostile |
| | B) | hostile; instrumental |
| | C) | delinquent; reactive |
| | D) | reactive; delinquent |
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22 | |
Stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory is ________. |
| | A) | authority and morality that maintain social order. |
| | B) | good boy morality. |
| | C) | morality of individual principles and conscience |
| | D) | obedience and punishment orientation. |
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23 | |
Kohlberg sees behaviour at the _____ level as based on the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards. |
| | A) | preconventional |
| | B) | conventional |
| | C) | post conventional |
| | D) | amoral |
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24 | |
______ aggression is the use of force to dominate another person or to bully or threaten others. |
| | A) | Relational |
| | B) | Hostile |
| | C) | Reactive |
| | D) | Proactive |
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25 | |
Which of the following does not belong? |
| | A) | spread rumours about another child |
| | B) | insult and put others down |
| | C) | push and shove others |
| | D) | call other children mean names |
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26 | |
Piaget believes that a morality of reciprocity emerges around ____ years. |
| | A) | 3 |
| | B) | 6 |
| | C) | 8 |
| | D) | 11 |
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27 | |
Piaget's second stage is ______ in which the child shows great respect for rules but applies them quite inflexibly. |
| | A) | immanent justice |
| | B) | premoral |
| | C) | moral realism |
| | D) | preconventional level |
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28 | |
Which one of the following does not belong? |
| | A) | Jean Piaget |
| | B) | Lawrence Kohlberg |
| | C) | Carol Gilligan |
| | D) | Lev Vygotsky |
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29 | |
Which of the following does not belong? |
| | A) | friendship choices |
| | B) | table manners |
| | C) | personal conversations |
| | D) | hairstyle and clothing |
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30 | |
According to Kopp, the _____ phase is the first step in self-regulation. |
| | A) | control |
| | B) | self control |
| | C) | self regulation |
| | D) | delay of gratification |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education