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1 | |
In developmental research, obtaining a representative sample is crucial in order to: |
| | A) | interpret the results of the study. |
| | B) | apply the results to other groups. |
| | C) | determine if the independent variable had an effect. |
| | D) | determine if the dependent variable had an effect. |
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2 | |
Which of the following is an effective way of increasing the truthfulness of children's reports? |
| | A) | Offering them a reward, such as a piece of candy, for telling the truth. |
| | B) | In easy to understand language, explaining to them the importance of honesty. |
| | C) | Interviewing them without their parents present. |
| | D) | Interviewing them with their parents present. |
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3 | |
Which of the following is NOT a specific method for obtaining directly observed data? |
| | A) | specimen record |
| | B) | procedural sampling |
| | C) | time sampling |
| | D) | event sampling |
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4 | |
One should be cautious using a correlational approach to research because it does not imply |
| | A) | causation |
| | B) | a relationship between the variables |
| | C) | a representative sample |
| | D) | accurate self-reports |
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5 | |
Deceiving the child in order to mask the true intent of the research most directly conflicts with which of the following ethical considerations? The right to |
| | A) | be fully informed. |
| | B) | voluntary withdrawal. |
| | C) | knowledge of the results. |
| | D) | confidentiality of their research data. |
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6 | |
The type of sample a researcher uses impacts most upon |
| | A) | to whom the results and conclusions can legitimately apply. |
| | B) | the types of questions that can be asked. |
| | C) | the research design being employed. |
| | D) | the research strategy developed. |
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7 | |
Parental reports are most accurate when they focus on |
| | A) | retrospective behaviours and events. |
| | B) | current practices and behaviours. |
| | C) | the developmental history of the child. |
| | D) | changes in a particular behaviour pattern or problem. |
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8 | |
The correlational approach to studying children's behaviour allows one to conclude |
| | A) | which variable caused the outcome of events. |
| | B) | cause and effect relationships. |
| | C) | which research strategy is most effective in answering the research question. |
| | D) | whether or not a relationship exists between two variables and how strong that relationship is. |
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9 | |
The key characteristic of field experimentation is |
| | A) | the child willingly enters the experimenter's lab. |
| | B) | that it occurs in both laboratory and non-laboratory settings. |
| | C) | that it occurs without any manipulation on the part of the experimenter. |
| | D) | that the experimenter enters the child's world. |
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10 | |
The research design which involves using different groups of children of different ages at a given point in time is a |
| | A) | naturalistic design. |
| | B) | cross-sequential design. |
| | C) | cross-sectional design. |
| | D) | longitudinal design. |
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11 | |
How is a questionnaire study different from one that use interviews? |
| | A) | Questionnaires usually involve in-depth probing into the details of a person's life. |
| | B) | Interviews may be carried out over the phone, while questionnaires are always completed with the researcher present. |
| | C) | Questionnaires ask respondents to indicate their answers on paper instead of answering orally. |
| | D) | Interviews are the preferred method for cross-cultural research. |
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12 | |
The first step in the scientific method involves |
| | A) | selection of a group of children to study. |
| | B) | development of the questionnaire. |
| | C) | analysis of scientific data. |
| | D) | development of a theory. |
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13 | |
The researcher watches schoolchildren playing on the playground at recess. Because the researcher is interested in a broad range of behaviours, she is most likely to use |
| | A) | event sampling. |
| | B) | time sampling. |
| | C) | structured observations. |
| | D) | specimen records. |
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14 | |
Because Dr. Jones is interested in observing a relatively rare behaviour, she is likely to structure the situation so that the behaviour is more likely to happen. This method is called |
| | A) | structured observation. |
| | B) | time sampling. |
| | C) | specimen record. |
| | D) | event sampling. |
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15 | |
A necessary characteristic of scientific experimentation is |
| | A) | consideration of ethical issues. |
| | B) | a cross-sectional design. |
| | C) | statistical analysis. |
| | D) | observation. |
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16 | |
The study of individual persons is called the |
| | A) | experiment. |
| | B) | control group. |
| | C) | case study method. |
| | D) | naturalistic approach. |
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17 | |
The most common strategy for investigating age-related differences in development is the |
| | A) | ABAB design. |
| | B) | case study method. |
| | C) | longitudinal method. |
| | D) | cross-sectional method. |
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18 | |
One disadvantage of the longitudinal method is that it can |
| | A) | require years to collect the data. |
| | B) | require testing of individuals of different age levels. |
| | C) | reveal distracting data about past determinants. |
| | D) | reveal extraneous information about how children change over time. |
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19 | |
One way to resolve the problem of separating age-related changes from changes that are caused by the unique experiences of a particular age cohort is to use the |
| | A) | longitudinal method. |
| | B) | case study method. |
| | C) | ABAB design. |
| | D) | sequential method. |
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20 | |
John, a 9-year-old, is refusing to take part in a research study of play behaviour. His mother overrides his refusal and instead directs the experimenter to begin the assessment. Which research right has been violated? |
| | A) | The right of the parent to decide what is best for minors. |
| | B) | The right to give informed and voluntary consent. |
| | C) | The right not to be harmed in any way. |
| | D) | The right to withdraw voluntarily from research. |
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21 | |
The study carried out by UBC researchers that investigated how the introduction of TV into a community affected aggressive behaviour in children is an example of a(n) |
| | A) | natural experiment. |
| | B) | field experiment. |
| | C) | laboratory analogue experiment. |
| | D) | ABAB design. |
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22 | |
The problem of artificiality in a laboratory study may be partially overcome by |
| | A) | more careful choosing of the dependent variable. |
| | B) | a laboratory analogue experiment. |
| | C) | use of random assignment. |
| | D) | more careful choosing of the independent variable. |
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23 | |
The researchers want to examine the effect of caffeine on attention. Subjects are asked to drink several cups of brewed coffee and then to play a space invaders video game. The researchers record the number of errors made by each player. The independent variable is the |
| | A) | time elapsed until the players become bored with the video game. |
| | B) | errors made while playing the video game. |
| | C) | number of trips to the washroom. |
| | D) | amount of caffeine consumed. |
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24 | |
The researchers want to examine the effect of caffeine on attention. Subjects are asked to drink several cups of brewed coffee and then to play a space invaders video game. The researchers record the number of errors made by each player. The dependent variable is the |
| | A) | time elapsed until the players become bored with the video game. |
| | B) | errors made while playing the video game. |
| | C) | number of trips to the washroom. |
| | D) | amount of coffee consumed. |
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25 | |
Although still a young child, Johnny is allowed to watch violent cartoons by his indulgent parents. The teachers report that Johnny's behaviour at school is aggressive. We can safely conclude that |
| | A) | watching violent cartoons causes Johnny's aggressive behaviour. |
| | B) | unknown variables may influence Johnny's behaviour at school. |
| | C) | Johnny should not be permitted to watch any television until his aggressiveness has diminished. |
| | D) | Johnny has inherited a tendency towards aggressiveness from his parents. |
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26 | |
__________exists when the results of a research study can be easily generalized outside the immediate context of the study. |
| | A) | External validity |
| | B) | Internal validity |
| | C) | Both external validity and internal validity |
| | D) | Ecological validity |
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27 | |
The control group and the experimental group differ |
| | A) | in their exposure to the treatment. |
| | B) | in the population from which they are drawn. |
| | C) | in whether random assignment is used or not. |
| | D) | in sample size (typically, fewer subjects are used for the control group). |
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28 | |
The correlation coefficient for variables A and B is -2.1. This |
| | A) | is impossible. |
| | B) | means that variable A is stronger than variable B. |
| | C) | means that variable A is weaker than variable B. |
| | D) | means that the variables are strongly negatively correlated. |
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29 | |
Children who are more physically active during the daytime sleep more soundly at night. This is an example of a |
| | A) | positive correlation. |
| | B) | negative correlation. |
| | C) | accurate correlation. |
| | D) | zero correlation. |
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30 | |
Releasing identifying information about a subject to others most directly conflicts with which of the following ethical considerations? The right to |
| | A) | be fully informed. |
| | B) | withdraw voluntarily from the research. |
| | C) | confidentiality. |
| | D) | beneficial treatments. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education