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1 | |
The recent view of newborns and infants suggests that: |
| | A) | newborns' innate reflexes remain with them throughout their lives. |
| | B) | the newborn's world is a "blooming, buzzing confusion." |
| | C) | a newborn's senses are equally as effective as an adult's senses. |
| | D) | infants' behaviours can be characterized in terms of states. |
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2 | |
Kelly is a three-month-old infant. As you observe her, you notice that her eyes are open and are bright and shining, she can track moving objects with her eyes, she is relatively inactive, and she has a relaxed face. Being an astute student of infant development, you would likely classify Kelly into which of the following infant states? |
| | A) | alert inactivity |
| | B) | waking activity |
| | C) | equilibrium |
| | D) | drowsiness |
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3 | |
Infants can most effectively soothe themselves by: |
| | A) | babbling |
| | B) | cooing |
| | C) | sucking |
| | D) | playing with one's toes |
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4 | |
Jaime has normal visual and auditory capabilities for a newborn. Knowing this, which of the following would you expect from her? |
| | A) | She will be more sensitive to low-frequency sounds than to high-frequency sounds. |
| | B) | She will be able to focus clearly at a distance of 50 feet. |
| | C) | She will be unable to make distinctions among human voices. |
| | D) | She will be able to track a moving object. |
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5 | |
If an infant has habituated, that infant has |
| | A) | associated two events. |
| | B) | responded increasingly less to a stimulus. |
| | C) | developed a persistent habit. |
| | D) | been rewarded for certain behaviours. |
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6 | |
The continuum of alertness or consciousness which ranges from vigorous activity to regular sleep is referred to as |
| | A) | activity level. |
| | B) | state. |
| | C) | sleep-wake patterns. |
| | D) | rhythms |
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7 | |
The technique in which a researcher repeatedly presents a stimulus until the infant no longer responds is known as |
| | A) | novelty preference. |
| | B) | habituation. |
| | C) | orienting reflex. |
| | D) | extinction |
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8 | |
A mother of a newborn seems convinced that her baby can tell the difference among several colours. You would respond to her by saying |
| | A) | her baby probably is seeing different colours since that ability is innate and quite like a universal phenomenon. |
| | B) | her baby probably is seeing different colours as a result of the bright colours in her environment. |
| | C) | her baby probably is not seeing colours but only has gas. |
| | D) | her baby probably is seeing colours since both parents are artists and she likely has a specialized gene for that ability. |
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9 | |
One possible confounding variable in Gibson and Walk's (1960) study on depth perception is that |
| | A) | the infant's only traveled from "shallow to deep." |
| | B) | the infants always traveled from "deep to shallow." |
| | C) | shadows were caused by the lighting. |
| | D) | in order to complete the task, infants were required to crawl. |
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10 | |
Rovee-Collier's (1987) research indicates that babies learn |
| | A) | noxious or unpleasant events better than pleasant events. |
| | B) | noxious or unpleasant events as well as pleasant events. |
| | C) | noxious or unpleasant events with more difficulty than pleasant events. |
| | D) | escape responses more quickly than avoidance responses. |
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11 | |
Which statement best characterizes infant reflexes? |
| | A) | Infants once needed reflexes but no longer do. |
| | B) | Reflexes are genetically coded survival mechanisms for all infants. |
| | C) | Modern infants rely more on learning than on reflexes. |
| | D) | All reflexes disappear by the end of infancy. |
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12 | |
Developmentalists have hypothesized that the large amount of REM sleep in infants |
| | A) | is a dream state related to infant fears. |
| | B) | is a symbolic return to the womb. |
| | C) | is cause by the need to eat or eliminate. |
| | D) | is a form of self-stimulation. |
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13 | |
Andrew was a low-birthweight infant whereas John was a premature infant. Which of the following statements applies to them? |
| | A) | Neither is vulnerable to SIDS. |
| | B) | Andrew is less vulnerable to SIDS than John. |
| | C) | Andrew is more vulnerable to SIDS than John. |
| | D) | Both are vulnerable to SIDS. |
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14 | |
When infants were placed on one side of the visual cliff, they refused to go to their mothers who were coaxing them from the other side. This result was cited as evidence for which of the following? |
| | A) | depth perception |
| | B) | failure of visual acuity |
| | C) | inability to hear at a distance |
| | D) | inability to crawl |
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15 | |
What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear? |
| | A) | A fetus moves when a loud noise occurs. |
| | B) | Newborns prefer their mother's voice to a stranger's voices. |
| | C) | Hearing is more sensitive and better developed among newborns who have been experimentally stimulated before birth. |
| | D) | Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them just before they were born. |
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16 | |
When an infant turns its head at the sound of footsteps in the hall and then smiles when it sees Mom come into the room, the infant is using |
| | A) | depth perception. |
| | B) | intermodal perception. |
| | C) | auditory perception. |
| | D) | visual perception. |
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17 | |
_________ is involved in the development of a fear of heights. |
| | A) | Ability to crawl |
| | B) | Visual acuity |
| | C) | Locomotion |
| | D) | Size constancy |
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18 | |
Neurological mechanisms facilitating the formation of negative associations develop ________ neurological mechanisms facilitating positive associations. |
| | A) | earlier than |
| | B) | later than |
| | C) | at the same time as |
| | D) | in opposition to the |
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19 | |
_________ is a cortically mediated mechanism that allows infants to detect and to orient towards faces. |
| | A) | Conspec |
| | B) | Conlern |
| | C) | Conspecific |
| | D) | Convex |
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20 | |
By the age of ______ months, an infant tries to copy lines on paper and begins to use strategy-like, or planned, behaviours. |
| | A) | 12 |
| | B) | 18 |
| | C) | 24 |
| | D) | 36 |
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21 | |
In newborns, _______ of sleep is REM sleep. |
| | A) | 30% |
| | B) | 75% |
| | C) | 90% |
| | D) | 50% |
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22 | |
The cause of SIDS is |
| | A) | unknown. |
| | B) | due to accidental suffocation. |
| | C) | due to mucus or fluid in the lungs. |
| | D) | due to regurgitated food. |
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23 | |
Babies most at risk for SIDS are those |
| | A) | whose birthweight is greater than average. |
| | B) | who are 2- to 4- months-old. |
| | C) | born in the early summer. |
| | D) | who are female. |
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24 | |
______ may be one of the first senses to evolve. |
| | A) | Vision |
| | B) | Hearing |
| | C) | Touch |
| | D) | Taste |
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25 | |
Sensitivity to pain is present |
| | A) | by 2 weeks of age. |
| | B) | from birth. |
| | C) | by a few days after birth. |
| | D) | by 1 month after birth. |
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26 | |
Macfarlane (1975) demonstrated that ________ could distinguish the odor of their mother's breast pad from that of another nursing woman. |
| | A) | 1-week-olds |
| | B) | 2-week-olds |
| | C) | 1-month-olds |
| | D) | 2-month-olds |
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27 | |
_____ will turn their head towards the sound of a rattle. |
| | A) | Newborns |
| | B) | One-week-olds |
| | C) | One-month-olds |
| | D) | Six-week-olds |
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28 | |
In the visual preference method, preference for an object is indicated by __________. |
| | A) | a longer looking time. |
| | B) | a shorter looking time. |
| | C) | more eye blinks. |
| | D) | a more rapt gaze. |
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29 | |
With regard to the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale, which one of the following does not belong? |
| | A) | amount of REM sleep |
| | B) | capacity for habituation |
| | C) | motor development |
| | D) | orientation to sights and sounds |
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30 | |
________typically spend ______of the time sleeping. |
| | A) | Newborns; 70% |
| | B) | Newborns; 50% |
| | C) | One-month-olds; 70% |
| | D) | One-month-olds; 50% |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education