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Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, First Canadian Edition

E. Mavis Hetherington, University of Virginia
Ross D. Parke, University of California
Mark Schmuckler, University of Toronto at Scarborough

The Child's Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation

Application Questions


1		Although the initial number of neurons (nerve cells) a child possesses is genetically determined, it is just the beginning of more neurons and synapses (connections) that are produced after birth. At this time, the environmental factors become critically important. In this way, nature and nurture interact to determine human development. How does interaction with the infant by the parent(s) strengthen the synapses? What might happen to brain development to a child raised in a stressful, unpredictable, or violent environment? What might happen to fetal brain development if the mother abuses substances during pregnancy?



2		As reviewed in your chapter, infant-rearing customs with respect to motor development vary geographically and culturally. For example, Gusii infants in Kenya are handled vigorously beginning at birth, in contrast to the approach used by most North American parents. What have you observed as you have watched parents interact with their babies? Talk to some parents about their approaches to motor development in their offspring. Have they actively encouraged their young child to roll over? to sit? to walk? Why have they done so? Or, have they deliberately adopted a laissez-faire approach? What does their behaviour reveal about their personal beliefs concerning infant motor development?



3		Many celebrities have gone "on the record" to document their battle with an eating disorder; many others who are not public figures struggle with eating disorders, as well. First, identify who is most at risk for the development of an eating disorder. Then, describe features of a treatment plan for anorexia nervosa or for bulimia.



4		Describe the pioneering studies by M. R. Rosenzweig and colleagues on the effects of environmental enrichment and stimulation on brain development in rats (i.e., size, structure, weight). What are the possible implications of these studies for brain development in young children? Speculate on how early environmental stimulation and deprivation might affect brain development in young children.



5		Parents often report concerns about their children's eating behaviours and nutritional status; for example, their preschooler is a picky eater, tries to avoid entire food groups (such as vegetables!), plays with food at the table, does not appear to be gaining enough weight to satisfy the parent, and so forth. Suggest strategies and approaches that parents can use to promote healthy nutritional habits and appropriate eating behaviours in their young children. Why is it important to establish these behaviours at a relatively early point in a child's life?

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