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1 | |
In what order do the following emotional expressions likely occur in infants (earliest to latest)? |
| | A) | fear, guilt, joy |
| | B) | joy, fear, guilt |
| | C) | fear, joy, guilt |
| | D) | joy, guilt, fear |
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2 | |
What facial feature is the earliest effective elicitor of smiles in infants? |
| | A) | the nose |
| | B) | the eyes |
| | C) | the mouth |
| | D) | the cheeks |
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3 | |
The ________ theory of attachment suggests the development of a mutual attachment where both the infant and the caregiver form attachments to each other. |
| | A) | cognitive developmental |
| | B) | psychoanalytic |
| | C) | learning |
| | D) | ethological |
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4 | |
Which of the following is NOT a factor which influences whether or not a child will fear a particular stranger? |
| | A) | distance from the stranger |
| | B) | the behaviour of the stranger |
| | C) | the attractiveness of the stranger |
| | D) | the age of the stranger |
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5 | |
According to which theory does fear develop due to a neutral stimulus being paired with a naturally fearful stimulus? |
| | A) | learning |
| | B) | perceptual-cognitive |
| | C) | psychoanalytic |
| | D) | genetic determinism |
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6 | |
All but which one of the following are thought to be functions of emotions in infancy and childhood? |
| | A) | Emotions regulate social distance. |
| | B) | Emotional displays are used to regulate conflict. |
| | C) | Emotional displays are the first step in language acquisition. |
| | D) | Emotions provide a means of gaining control over the social world. |
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7 | |
One of the most difficult tasks for children to learn in the development of emotional expression is |
| | A) | the ability to mask emotions. |
| | B) | acquisition of the "display rules" of emotional expression. |
| | C) | the modulation of emotional expression. |
| | D) | intensification and deintensification of emotion. |
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8 | |
Morticia is 9 years old and has always done things independently. However, what her parents tend to find more bothersome is her total lack of concern about their approval or disapproval of the things she does. Morticia appears |
| | A) | to have developed a healthy attachment to her parents. |
| | B) | to have failed to develop an attachment to her parents. |
| | C) | to be redefining her attachment with her parents. |
| | D) | to be overly attached to her parents. |
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9 | |
Studies on infant attachment have shown |
| | A) | that the early interactions between parent and child influence the quality of later attachment behaviours. |
| | B) | children and parents who had an insecure attachment relationship were found to engage in synchronous behaviours that were reciprocal and mutually rewarding. |
| | C) | parent-child attachment to be independent of other relationships in the family. |
| | D) | secure attachments to be frequent when marital adjustment was low. |
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10 | |
Younger children differ from older children in their understanding of guilt in that they (the younger children) focus on |
| | A) | biological urges. |
| | B) | situational factors. |
| | C) | personal responsibility. |
| | D) | outcomes. |
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11 | |
A classic study by Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman found that ___________ was (were) most important in infant attachment. |
| | A) | contact comfort |
| | B) | oral satisfaction |
| | C) | sex drive reduction |
| | D) | reinforcers |
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12 | |
Mary Ainsworth says attachment security depends on |
| | A) | how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals. |
| | B) | the mother's love and concern for the welfare of the child. |
| | C) | the consistency of parental responses during the child-care routine. |
| | D) | reinforcement of attachment behaviours by the caregiver. |
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13 | |
Which of the following techniques describes use of the Strange Situation to investigate attachment? |
| | A) | watching children as they are separated from and then reunited with their parents |
| | B) | asking parents to describe how emotionally involved they are with their children |
| | C) | watching children play with dolls representing adults and children to see what kind of interactions they create |
| | D) | asking baby-sitters about how infants behave when their parents are gone |
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14 | |
Smiling, grimacing, and frowning can be classified as |
| | A) | ticks |
| | B) | emotional expressions |
| | C) | subversive behaviours |
| | D) | physiological behaviours |
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15 | |
Early social smiles tend to be toward |
| | A) | food. |
| | B) | faces. |
| | C) | genital stimulation. |
| | D) | random external stimuli. |
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16 | |
According to John Bowlby, children become depressed as a result of |
| | A) | self-devaluing cognitive schema. |
| | B) | exposure to prolonged, uncontrollable negative experiences. |
| | C) | insecure attachments. |
| | D) | living with depressed parents. |
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17 | |
The major problem in assessing the impact of day care on child development lies in the |
| | A) | wide variety of "types of day care." |
| | B) | lack of interest in the issue. |
| | C) | fact that so few children attend day care. |
| | D) | lack of theoretical basis for predicting negative outcomes. |
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18 | |
After placing a dot of rouge on an infant's nose, a researcher notes that while looking in the mirror, the infant repeatedly touches her nose. The researcher is studying |
| | A) | visual self-recognition. |
| | B) | cognitive self-understanding. |
| | C) | rational self-esteem. |
| | D) | representative self-conception. |
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19 | |
Sigmund Freud says that babies become attached to their caregivers because |
| | A) | the caregivers are associated with gratification of the infants' innate drive to obtain pleasure. |
| | B) | the caregivers reduce the infant's hunger, which is a primary drive. |
| | C) | the caregivers are constantly present. |
| | D) | it promotes the likelihood of survival for the infant. |
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20 | |
Children's first signs of self recognition based on contingency clues occur at |
| | A) | 0 - 3 months. |
| | B) | 3 - 8 months. |
| | C) | 8 - 12 months. |
| | D) | 12 - 24 months. |
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21 | |
Kindergarten teachers estimate that one in _______ children enter the classroom unprepared to meet its challenges. |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 3 |
| | C) | 4 |
| | D) | 5 |
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22 | |
High quality daycares are defined by |
| | A) | lower staff-to-child ratios. |
| | B) | more interaction between staff and children. |
| | C) | more space. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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23 | |
The most deficient forms of parenting are found among parents whose attachment with their infants is of the ______ type. |
| | A) | secure |
| | B) | insecure-avoidant |
| | C) | insecure-resistant |
| | D) | insecure-disorganized |
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24 | |
Initially, the preferred attachment figure is the ________ whereas at 18 months the preferred attachment figure is the ________. |
| | A) | mother; mother |
| | B) | mother; father |
| | C) | father; mother |
| | D) | mother; grandparent |
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25 | |
In the Strange Situation, the ______ infant becomes very upset at the departure of his/her mother and exhibits inconsistent behaviour on the mother's return. |
| | A) | insecure-avoidant |
| | B) | insecure-resistant |
| | C) | insecure-disorganized |
| | D) | securely attached. |
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26 | |
The phrase "internal working models" was coined by |
| | A) | Piaget |
| | B) | Bowlby |
| | C) | Baumrind |
| | D) | Ames |
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27 | |
Which of the following does not belong? |
| | A) | Mary Ainsworth |
| | B) | Lev Vygotsky |
| | C) | Carroll Izard |
| | D) | Alan Sroufe |
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28 | |
Secure attachment is to "sensitive" as insecure attachment is to ___. |
| | A) | kindness |
| | B) | consistency |
| | C) | inconsistency |
| | D) | gentleness |
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29 | |
The term AQS stands for ___. |
| | A) | Anonymous Quality Survey |
| | B) | Androgynous Quality Standing |
| | C) | Attachment Q Sort |
| | D) | Availability Q Survey |
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30 | |
There are ___ phases in the development of attachment. |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 3 |
| | C) | 4 |
| | D) | 5 |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education