 |
1 | |
Behaviour that is performed by an employee "for its own sake" (i.e., the motivation comes from doing the work itself) is referred to as: |
| | A) | extrinsically motivated behaviour. |
| | B) | having an external locus of causality. |
| | C) | intrinsically motivated behaviour. |
| | D) | equity behaviour. |
| | E) | overpayment inequity. |
|
|
2 | |
Behaviour which is performed by an employee to acquire a material reward, to acquire a social reward, or to avoid punishment is referred to as: |
| | A) | extrinsically motivated behaviour. |
| | B) | equity behaviour. |
| | C) | underpayment inequity. |
| | D) | intrinsically motivated behaviour. |
| | E) | overpayment inequity. |
|
|
3 | |
In expectancy theory, ____ is a perception about the extent of which effort will result in a certain level of performance. |
| | A) | Effort |
| | B) | Expectancy |
| | C) | Valence |
| | D) | Instrumentality |
|
|
4 | |
_____ in expectancy theory is a perception about the extent to which performance will result in the attainment of outcomes. |
| | A) | Expectancy |
| | B) | Valence |
| | C) | Instrumentality |
| | D) | Effort |
|
|
5 | |
Inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome/input ratio is greater than the ratio of a referent is known as: |
| | A) | Underpayment inequity |
| | B) | Overpayment inequity |
| | C) | Negative perception inequity |
| | D) | Equivalency inequity |
|
|
6 | |
Theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviours and the attainment of goals are called ____ theories. |
| | A) | Operant |
| | B) | Goal-setting |
| | C) | Reinforcement |
| | D) | Equity |
|
|
7 | |
Curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviours by eliminating whatever reinforces them is known as: |
| | A) | Negative reinforcement. |
| | B) | Positive reinforcement. |
| | C) | Punishment. |
| | D) | Extinction. |
|
|
8 | |
Managers can motivate people to avoid performing dysfunctional behaviours by using:
I. Extinction
II. Punishment
III. Negative reinforcement |
| | A) | I, II, III |
| | B) | I and III |
| | C) | II and III |
| | D) | I and II |
|
|
9 | |
Inequity exists when _____________. |
| | A) | A person receives less pay than their referent |
| | B) | A person works harder than their referent |
| | C) | A person's output/input ratio differs from the referent's |
| | D) | A person's output/input ratio is the same as the referent's |
|
|
10 | |
One way managers can raise the expectancy of their employees is by expressing confidence in their abilities. Another way to boost expectancy levels is by ______________. |
| | A) | Providing training |
| | B) | Providing raises |
| | C) | Instituting a bonus system |
| | D) | Increasing everyone's responsibilities |
| | E) | None of the above |
|
|
11 | |
Which of the following theories specifically postulates that motivation of employees will be high when employees believe that a high level of effort on their part will lead to high performance on their part, and that this high level of performance will lead to their attainment of outcomes which they desire (e.g. higher pay, promotion, etc.)? |
| | A) | Expectancy theory |
| | B) | Valence theory |
| | C) | Hierarchy of needs theory |
| | D) | Motivator-hygiene theory |
| | E) | Goal-setting theory |
|
|
12 | |
All of the following are needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs EXCEPT: |
| | A) | socialization |
| | B) | self-actualization |
| | C) | belongingness |
| | D) | physiological |
|
|
13 | |
According to Herzberg, people have two sets of needs. ___________ needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is, whereas __________ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed. |
| | A) | Motivator, hygiene |
| | B) | Natural, manual |
| | C) | Psychological, physical |
| | D) | Achievement, maintenance |
| | E) | Nurture, nature |
|
|
14 | |
In goal-setting theory it is important for organizational people to do all of these except: |
| | A) | Set the goals |
| | B) | Accept the goals |
| | C) | Be committed to the goals |
| | D) | Receive feedback about their performance. |
|
|
15 | |
Goal setting theory suggests that there are two major characteristics of goals that result in high motivation and performance: _________________ and ________________. |
| | A) | Goals must be difficult, and they must be specific |
| | B) | Goals must be specific, and they must lead to need fulfillment |
| | C) | Goals must lead to need fulfillment, and they must be financially rewarding |
| | D) | Goals must be financially rewarding, they must be easy to measure |
|
|
16 | |
In regards to pay as a motivator, the theories suggest all but which of the following? |
| | A) | Pay can be used to satisfy several different kinds of needs. |
| | B) | Outcomes such as pay should be linked to the attainment of goals. |
| | C) | Outcomes such as pay should be distributed in proportion to inputs. |
| | D) | The distribution of outcomes such as pay should be related to the instrumentality of the need. |
|