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| 1 | |
Which best demonstrates the basic principle of cephalocaudal development? |
| | A) | an infant first producing an endogenous smile, then an exogenous smile, then a laugh |
| | B) | an infant first being able to raise the head, then sit up, then stand up |
| | C) | an infant obtaining visual skills, then olfactory skills, then auditory skills |
| | D) | an infant cooing, then babbling, then the first word, then language |
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| 2 | |
The proximodistal progression pattern is seen in children's: |
| | A) | drawings, which are first done using the entire arm, and eventually using only the wrist and fingers. |
| | B) | toileting behaviour, which proceeds from urine control to bowel control. |
| | C) | head size, which originally comprises about one-fourth of the body, and eventually only one-eighth of the body. |
| | D) | memory, which proceeds from sensory store to short-term to long-term store. |
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| 3 | |
Which statement most accurately describes height and weight changes during infancy? |
| | A) | Both increase more rapidly during the second year than during the first year. |
| | B) | Girls increase in height and weight faster than boys do during infancy. |
| | C) | The sexes grow at the same rate during infancy. |
| | D) | Both height and weight increase more rapidly during the first year than during the second year. |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the infant brain? |
| | A) | Increasing experience increases the number of neurons. |
| | B) | Increasing experience increases the number of connections between neurons. |
| | C) | The dendrites branch out with increasing age. |
| | D) | Neurotransmitters change with increasing age. |
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| 5 | |
The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which protects nerve cells and helps nerve impulses travel faster, is referred to as: |
| | A) | neuronal growth. |
| | B) | myelination. |
| | C) | lipidation. |
| | D) | insulation. |
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| 6 | |
Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using: |
| | A) | PET scans. |
| | B) | MRIs. |
| | C) | Electrodes. |
| | D) | CT scans. |
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| 7 | |
The most extensive research on brain lateralization has focused on: |
| | A) | language. |
| | B) | visual coordination. |
| | C) | olfaction. |
| | D) | motor coordination. |
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| 8 | |
Research on language processing in the brain has found that: |
| | A) | virtually all language is carried out in the left hemisphere. |
| | B) | virtually all language is carried out in the right hemisphere. |
| | C) | in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres. |
| | D) | in normal people, tasks involving logical thinking are carried out in the left hemisphere and those involving creative thinking occur in the right hemisphere. |
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| 9 | |
Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is: |
| | A) | genetic heritage. |
| | B) | repeated experience. |
| | C) | constant stimulation. |
| | D) | a delicate balance of proteins and amino acids. |
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| 10 | |
If an alien randomly dropped in on ten newborns, it might conclude that humans spend their entire first months of life: |
| | A) | eating. |
| | B) | crying. |
| | C) | playing. |
| | D) | sleeping. |
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| 11 | |
Which statement most accurately portrays the sleep-wake cycle of infants? |
| | A) | Infants sleep less as they grow older. |
| | B) | Newborn sleep is reflexive, whereas infant sleep is intentional. |
| | C) | Infants eventually sleep more during the day than they do at night. |
| | D) | Infants spend less time sleeping than do adults. |
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| 12 | |
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that infant sleep patterns around the world: |
| | A) | are the same. |
| | B) | differ for each culture. |
| | C) | may relate to mother-child contact. |
| | D) | have been steadily changing as humans evolve. |
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| 13 | |
Sleep researchers have found that: |
| | A) | infants and adults exhibit very similar patterns of REM sleep. |
| | B) | infants engage in more REM sleep than adults. |
| | C) | adults engage in more REM sleep than infants. |
| | D) | adults enter REM sleep earlier in the sleep cycle than infants do. |
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| 14 | |
Since child-health experts began recommending that infants __________, the frequency of SIDS has decreased. |
| | A) | sleep on their stomachs |
| | B) | sleep on their backs |
| | C) | sleep on their sides |
| | D) | do not sleep with their mothers |
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| 15 | |
Juan was a low-birthweight infant, while Serge was a premature infant. Which statement applies to them? |
| | A) | Neither is vulnerable to SIDS. |
| | B) | Juan is less vulnerable to SIDS than Serge. |
| | C) | Juan is more vulnerable to SIDS than Serge. |
| | D) | Both are vulnerable to SIDS. |
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| 16 | |
Infants require about ____ joules a day for each kilogram they weigh. |
| | A) | 121 |
| | B) | 242 |
| | C) | 363 |
| | D) | 484 |
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| 17 | |
The Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada, and Health Canada all recommend exclusive breast-feeding for AT LEAST: |
| | A) | the first month |
| | B) | the first four months |
| | C) | the first year |
| | D) | the first and second year |
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| 18 | |
Which statement best characterizes infant reflexes? |
| | A) | Reflexes are vestigial remnants of early evolutionary processes. |
| | B) | Reflexes are genetically carried survival mechanisms. |
| | C) | Modern infants rely more on learning than on reflexes. |
| | D) | All reflexes disappear by the end of infancy. |
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| 19 | |
Charlie turns his head, opens his mouth, and begins sucking when his cheek is stroked. Charlie is demonstrating which reflex? |
| | A) | rooting |
| | B) | Babinski |
| | C) | tonic neck |
| | D) | Moro |
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| 20 | |
Which infant motor event typically occurs first? |
| | A) | stands with support |
| | B) | cruises around furniture |
| | C) | rolls over |
| | D) | sits without support |
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| 21 | |
Most pediatricians recommend that parents: |
| | A) | slowly ease their babies into structured exercise regimes. |
| | B) | enroll their babies in exercise classes. |
| | C) | use exercise sessions as a way to bond with their babies. |
| | D) | avoid structured exercise classes for babies. |
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| 22 | |
As a researcher who uses the developmental biodynamics perspective, Dr. Sandee would: |
| | A) | describe the ages at which various motor achievements are reached. |
| | B) | describe universal milestones (e.g., crawling, walking) as a process of adaptation. |
| | C) | explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of brain maturation. |
| | D) | explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of maturation of the central nervous system. |
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| 23 | |
_________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. |
| | A) | Sensation |
| | B) | Perception |
| | C) | Intermodal perception |
| | D) | Perceptual-motor coupling |
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| 24 | |
Was William James right when he proclaimed that newborns experience a "blooming, buzzing" world of confusion? |
| | A) | No, because infants' perception of visual information is more advanced than previously thought. |
| | B) | Yes, because infants' visual acuity is less than that of adults. |
| | C) | Yes, because infants sense the world but do not perceive it. |
| | D) | No, because infants' reflexes allow for organization into perceptual categories. |
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| 25 | |
Robert Fantz (1963) found that infants as young as 2 days old: |
| | A) | were able to focus on their mothers' eyes. |
| | B) | were able to distinguish contour. |
| | C) | showed a preference for patterned stimuli over plain stimuli. |
| | D) | began to perceive the oval shape of the head. |
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| 26 | |
In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual cliff refused to go to their mothers who were coaxing them from the other side. This result was cited as evidence for: |
| | A) | depth perception. |
| | B) | failure of visual acuity. |
| | C) | inability to hear at a distance. |
| | D) | inability to crawl. |
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| 27 | |
What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear? |
| | A) | A fetus moves when a loud noise occurs. |
| | B) | Newborns prefer their mother's voice to strangers' voices. |
| | C) | Hearing is more sensitive and better developed among newborns who have been experimentally stimulated before birth |
| | D) | Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them in their mother's womb. |
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| 28 | |
One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves: |
| | A) | the use of small amounts of cocaine to stimulate the heart rate of sluggish neonates. |
| | B) | the rule of now allowing mothers to hold their at-risk low-birthweight neonate immediately after birth. |
| | C) | not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants. |
| | D) | the fact that a mother's opinion outweighs a father's when it comes to a decision of whether a child should be given a heart transplant. |
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| 29 | |
Which of the following smells do infants like the LEAST? |
| | A) | vanilla |
| | B) | fish |
| | C) | their mother's milk |
| | D) | strawberries |
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| 30 | |
Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates ________ perception. |
| | A) | depth |
| | B) | intermodal |
| | C) | auditory |
| | D) | visual |
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| 31 | |
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by: |
| | A) | reviewing the literature on cognitive development. |
| | B) | surveying thousands of parents. |
| | C) | observing his own children. |
| | D) | testing hundreds of children in his laboratory. |
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| 32 | |
In a Piagetian model, __________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences. |
| | A) | a memory |
| | B) | an image |
| | C) | cognition |
| | D) | a scheme |
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| 33 | |
Piaget's theory is a qualitative theory of cognitive development, which means that it: |
| | A) | uses standardized tests to measure and describe thought. |
| | B) | explains what kinds of knowledge are typical of children at different ages. |
| | C) | identifies different kinds of thinking children perform at different ages. |
| | D) | provides ways to determine how well children think at different stages. |
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| 34 | |
According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviours are: |
| | A) | reflexive. |
| | B) | maladaptive. |
| | C) | unchanging. |
| | D) | reinforced. |
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| 35 | |
By chance, Abigail shook her rattle. She then began to repeat this action of shaking her rattle. As a normal infant, Abigail is in which substage? |
| | A) | reflexive |
| | B) | first habits and primary circular reactions |
| | C) | secondary circular reactions |
| | D) | coordination of secondary circular reactions |
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| 36 | |
Laurent has problems retrieving a ball that rolled out of reach, so he uses a Tinkertoy stick to hit it. He is in which substage? |
| | A) | primary circular reactions |
| | B) | secondary circular reactions |
| | C) | coordination of secondary circular reactions |
| | D) | tertiary circular reactions |
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| 37 | |
When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of: |
| | A) | object permanence. |
| | B) | self-differentiation. |
| | C) | assimilation. |
| | D) | schemata. |
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| 38 | |
Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that: |
| | A) | Piaget's view was accurate. |
| | B) | Piaget's view was wrong. |
| | C) | Piaget's view needs to be modified. |
| | D) | it is impossible to replicate Piaget's research because it was done primarily on his three children. |
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| 39 | |
Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that: |
| | A) | infants as young as 4 months of age have intermodal perception. |
| | B) | infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent. |
| | C) | equipment for testing children under 4 months of age is not yet sophisticated enough to provide useful information about perception. |
| | D) | infants are not able to see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background until they are at least 4 months old. |
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| 40 | |
Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1987) has demonstrated: |
| | A) | young infants' inability to learn from classical conditioning. |
| | B) | young infants' inability to learn from operant conditioning. |
| | C) | how infants can retain information through classical conditioning. |
| | D) | how infants can retain information through operant conditioning. |
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| 41 | |
________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus. |
| | A) | Habituation |
| | B) | Object permanence |
| | C) | Transference |
| | D) | Dishabituation |
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| 42 | |
Canadian psychologist Megan Easterbrook and her colleagues (1999) examined newborns' ability to perceive images of normal and scrambled faces. They found that: |
| | A) | newborns habituated quicker to normal faces. |
| | B) | newborns habituated quicker to scrambled faces. |
| | C) | newborns showed a preference for both normal and scrambled faces over a blank card. |
| | D) | it was impossible to study habituation in newborns. |
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| 43 | |
Research by Andrew Meltzoff (1992, 1999) showing the infant's ability to imitate adult facial expressions shortly after birth demonstrates that: |
| | A) | imitative abilities are learned quickly. |
| | B) | imitation has a biological base. |
| | C) | infants have a full range of emotional expression at birth. |
| | D) | imitation is a form of emotional expression. |
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| 44 | |
Meltzoff has found that infants demonstrate the ability to engage in deferred imitation by age ____ months. |
| | A) | 3 |
| | B) | 6 |
| | C) | 9 |
| | D) | 18 |
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| 45 | |
Lorenzo is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus we would expect him to have _________ memory. |
| | A) | both implicit and explicit |
| | B) | neither implicit nor explicit |
| | C) | implicit but not explicit |
| | D) | explicit but not implicit |
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| 46 | |
Sarula is 18 years old. She finds it frustrating that she cannot remember anything prior to the time she was 3 years old. According to the research on memory: |
| | A) | she is "normal," since most adults cannot remember anything from the first 3 years of their life. |
| | B) | her memory is deficient, since it is common for adults to remember back to the time when they were at least 2 years old. |
| | C) | she should be concerned, because it appears she is suffering from a loss of memory called infantile amnesia. |
| | D) | her inability to remember before age 3 may be an indicator that she was sexually molested as an infant. |
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| 47 | |
The developmental quotient (DQ) is a global developmental score that combines subscores in all of the following domains EXCEPT: |
| | A) | motor. |
| | B) | language. |
| | C) | physical. |
| | D) | personal-social. |
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| 48 | |
The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence: |
| | A) | estimates intelligence by comparing the amount of time a baby looks at a new object and the amount of time spent looking at a familiar object. |
| | B) | assesses infants' overall development in terms of motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains. |
| | C) | has been successful at measuring infant intelligence in industrialized nations, but not in third-world countries. |
| | D) | was the first measure of infant intelligence. |
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| 49 | |
The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age. |
| | A) | Piagetian Sensorimotor Scales |
| | B) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
| | C) | Gesell Developmental Schedules |
| | D) | Brazelton Neonatal Behaviour Assessment Scales |
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| 50 | |
Infant intelligence scales are useful for all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | assessing the effects of malnutrition. |
| | B) | predicting childhood intelligence. |
| | C) | determining developmental effects of environmental stimulation. |
| | D) | measuring detrimental effects of a mother's prenatal drug-taking habits. |
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| 51 | |
Language is most accurately defined as a system of __________ that allows for communication with others. |
| | A) | images |
| | B) | vocalizations |
| | C) | symbols |
| | D) | words |
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| 52 | |
The child's first word is typically uttered at around __________ months. |
| | A) | 3 to 6 |
| | B) | 6 to 9 |
| | C) | 9 to 10 |
| | D) | 10 to 15 |
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| 53 | |
Which statement about the two-word utterances of 18- to 24-month old children is NOT correct? |
| | A) | The child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context to help convey meaning. |
| | B) | They are used by children around the world. |
| | C) | They are difficult for adults to understand. |
| | D) | They can communicate a wealth of meaning. |
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| 54 | |
The strongest evidence for the biological basis of language is that: |
| | A) | a language acquisition device (LAD) has been located in the brain's temporal lobe. |
| | B) | children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time and in the same order. |
| | C) | language represents chains of responses and imitation. |
| | D) | children from middle-income professional and welfare backgrounds develop normally in terms of language. |
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| 55 | |
Language acquisition researchers believe children acquire their native language: |
| | A) | with systematic reinforcement. |
| | B) | with a great deal of encouragement. |
| | C) | with much assistance. |
| | D) | without explicit teaching. |
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| 56 | |
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that: |
| | A) | middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did. |
| | B) | welfare parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the middle-income professional parents did. |
| | C) | there were few differences between the amount of time middle-income professional parents and welfare parents spent communicating with their children. |
| | D) | the amount of time that parents spent communicating with their children made little difference in terms of the children's later language abilities. |
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| 57 | |
Dr. Jones claims Marie can make a negative statement because that use was reinforced. Dr. Jones most likely takes which view? |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | behavioural |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | interactionist |
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| 58 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about infant-directed speech? |
| | A) | It is sometimes called "parentese." |
| | B) | It involves the use of simple words and sentences. |
| | C) | Much of it is automatic when an adult is talking to a baby. |
| | D) | It has a lower than normal pitch. |
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| 59 | |
When Jennifer said, "The deer was running," Mother asked, "Where was the deer running?" Mother's strategy is: |
| | A) | echoing. |
| | B) | expanding. |
| | C) | recasting. |
| | D) | labelling. |
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