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A History of the Modern World
A History of the Modern World, 9/e
R R Palmer, Yale University
Joel Colton, Duke University
Lloyd Kramer, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
The Consolidation of Large Nation-States, 1859-1871

Chapter Outline

LXIII. Backgrounds: The Idea of the Nation-State

  1. The Crimean War, 1854-1856
    1. [Primary Source Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade]
    2. [Image Charge of the Light Brigade]
    3. [Image Tsar Nicholas I]
    4. [Image Napoleon III]
    5. [Map Crimean peninsula]
    6. [Image Alexander II]
    7. [Image Congress of Paris, 1856]
    8. [Primary Source Treaty of Paris, 1856]

LXIV. Cavour and the Italian War of 1859: The Unification of Italy

  1. Italian Nationalism: The Program of Cavour
    1. [Image Roman Republic of 1849 discomforts the Pope and King of Piedmont]
    2. [Image King Victor Emmanuel]
    3. [Image Camillo di Cavour]
    4. [Primary Source Documents of Italian Unification, 1846-61]
    5. [Image Battle of Magenta]
    6. [Image Battle of Solferino]
    7. [Primary Source Giuseppe Garibaldi, Proclamation for the Liberation of Sicily, 1860]
    8. [Image Garibaldi conquers Kingdom of Two Sicilies]
    9. [Image First Italian parliament]
  1. The Completion of Italian Unity
    1. [Image Giuseppe Garibaldi]
    2. [Image Red Shirts]
    3. [Image Conquest of south of Italy]
    4. [Image Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel]
    5. [Map Unification of Italy]
    6. [Image Conquest of Rome, 1870]
    7. [Primary Source King Victor Emmanuel, Address to Parliament, Rome, 1871]
  1. Persistent Problems after Unification

LXV. Bismarck: The Founding of a German Empire

  1. The German States after 1848
    1. [Image Hamburg]
    2. [Map Confederation of 1815]
    3. [Map Zollverein]
    4. [Secondary Discussion Zollverein]
  1. Prussia in the 1860s: Bismarck
    1. [Image Otto von Bismarck]
    2. [Primary Source Bismarck, Blood and Iron speech]
  1. Bismarck's Wars: The North German Confederation, 1867
  1. War with Denmark
    1. [Secondary Discussion Polish uprising, 1863]
    2. [Primary Source Helmuth von Moltke, On the Nature of War]
    3. [Image Battle of Koniggratz]
    4. [Image Austrian soldiers, 1866]
    5. [Primary Source Otto von Bismarck, Memoirs]
    6. [Map North German Confederation]
    7. [Image Ferdinand Lassale]
  1. The Franco-Prussian War
    1. [Secondary Discussion Timeline of Franco-Prussian War]
    2. [Primary Source Ems Dispatch]
    3. [Image Ems Dispatch]
    4. [Image War fever in Paris, 1870]
    5. [Image Battle of Sedan]
    6. [Primary Source A War Correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870]
    7. [Image Insurrection in Paris]
  1. The German Empire, 1871
    1. [Image Founding the Second Reich]
    2. [Primary Source Imperial Proclamation, 1871]
    3. [Image Kaiser Wilhelm I]
    4. [Map German Empire, 1871]
    5. [Image Honore Daumier, German Unity--the French perspective]
    6. [Image German industry: Krupp factory]
    7. [Image German railway, late 19th century]
    8. [Image Reichstag building]

LXVI. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

  1. The Habsburg Empire after 1848
    1. [Image Francis Joseph, 1854]
  1. The Compromise of 1867
    1. [Primary Source Count von Beust, Memoirs of the Ausgleich, 1867]
    2. [Primary Source Austrian Constitution of 1867]
    3. [Map Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary]
    4. [Image King-Emperor Franz Joseph, 1879]
    5. [Map Nationalities of Hungary, 1886]

LXVII. Liberalization in Tsarist Russia: Alexander II

  1. Tsarist Russia after 1856
    1. [Secondary Discussion Westernizers]
    2. [Secondary Discussion Slavophiles]
    3. [Image Execution in Russia, 1879]
    4. [Image Russian policeman]
    5. [Image Russian serfs]
    6. [Image Russian serfs and their dwellings]
    7. [ImageRussian noble]
  1. The Emancipation Act of 1861 and Other Reforms
    1. [Image Alexander II]
    2. [Primary Source Coronation of Alexander II, 1855]
    3. [Image Alexander Herzen]
    4. [Primary Source Emancipation Manifesto, 1861]
    5. [Image The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia]
    6. [Image mir]
    7. [Primary Source Basic Principles Concerning the Reform of the Judicial Administration of Russia, 1862]
    8. [Primary Source Edict of 1864 creating zemstvos]
    9. [Primary Source Novgorod Zemstvo]
    10. [Image Polish rebels on way to Siberia, 1863]
  1. Revolutionism in Russia
    1. [Primary Source Nihilism]
    2. [Image Mikhail Bakunin]
    3. [Image Sergei Nechaiev]
    4. [Primary Source Catechism of a Revolutionist]
    5. [Image Andrei Zhelyabov, member of People's Will]
    6. [Primary Source Assassination of Alexander II, 1881]
    7. [Image Alexander III]
    8. [Image Late 19th century executions]

LVXIII. The United States: The American Civil War

  1. Growth of the United States
    1. [Map/Primary Source Tocqueville's Tour]
    2. [Image Taking the Census]
    3. [Image Early immigrants as Americans]
    4. [Image Early Photograph of the Capitol]
  1. The Estrangement of North and South
    1. [Primary Source Lowell Mill Girls]
    2. [Primary Source Lowell mill work schedule, 1853]
    3. [Image Raising cotton in South]
    4. [Map Slave crops in the South, 1860]
    5. [Primary Source Working conditions of slaves on a Louisiana cotton plantation, 1853]
    6. [Image Mexican-American War, 1846]
    7. [Image Emmanuel Leutze, Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way, 1861]
    8. [Map Missouri Compromise, 1820]
    9. [Primary Source Fugitive Slave Act, 1850]
    10. [Image Wendell Phillips Speaks Against the Fugitive Slave Law, 1851]
    11. [Map Slave and Free States, 1856]
    12. [Image Abraham Lincoln]
    13. [Primary Source Constitution of the Confederate States of America]
    14. [Image A Georgia Private]
    15. [Image Confederate dead, Gettysburg, 1863]
    16. [Primary Source Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address]
    17. [Image Austrian archduke Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico]
    18. [Primary Source Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution]
    19. [Primary Source Emancipation Proclamation, 1862]
    20. [Primary Source Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution]
  1. After the Civil War: Reconstruction, Industrial Growth
    1. [Primary Source Lincoln assassinated]
    2. [Image Procession in Washington, DC celebrating abolition, 1866]
    3. [Image Black Arkansas legislators]
    4. [Primary Source Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866]
    5. [Image/Secondary Discussion Morrill tariff, 1861]
    6. [Image Union Pacific railroad completed, 1869]
    7. [Secondary Discussion Homestead Act]
    8. [Map Land-grant colleges]
    9. [Image Vanderbilt Mansion, Fifth Avenue, New York City]

69. The Dominion of Canada, 1867

    1. [Image United Empire Loyalists]
    2. [Primary Source Quebec Act of 1774]
    3. [Secondary Discussion 1791 Canada Act]
    4. [Map British North America, 1791]
    5. [Secondary Discussion 1837 insurrection]
    6. [Image 1837 rebellion]
  1. Lord Durham's Report
    1. [Image/Secondary Discussion Earl of Durham]
    2. [Primary Source Durham's Report]
    3. [Secondary Discussion Responsible Government]
    4. [Secondary Discussion Union Act, 1840]
  1. Founding of the Dominion of Canada
    1. [Primary Source British North America Act]
    2. [Image The Fathers of Confederation]
    3. [Image Uncle Sam Kicked Out]
    4. [Map Dominion of Canada]

70. Japan and the West

    1. [Image Commodore Matthew Perry]
    2. [Primary Source Matthew Perry, When We Landed in Japan, 1854]
    3. [Image Commodore Perry arrives in Yokohama, 1854]
  1. Background: Two Centuries of Isolation, 1640-1854
    1. [Image Nagasaki]
    2. [Image Dutch trader in Japan]
    3. [Secondary Discussion Tokugawa era]
    4. [Primary Source Honda Toshiaki, A Secret Plan for Government, 1798]
    5. [Secondary Discussion Shogunate]
    6. [Virtual Tour Yedo (Tokyo)]
    7. [Virtual Tour Daimyo Owari]
    8. [Image Samurai]
    9. [Primary Source The Way of the Samurai]
    10. [Image Buddhist priests and temple]
    11. [Secondary Discussion Bushido]
    12. [Secondary Discussion Shintoism]
    13. [Image Shinto shrine]
  1. The Opening of Japan
    1. [Image Shogun Iesada]
    2. [Primary Source Japanese-American Commercial Treaty, 1854]
    3. [Secondary Discussion Satsuma rebellion, 1862]
    4. [Image Choshu fort]
  1. The Meiji era (1868-1912): The Westernization of Japan
    1. [Image Emperor Meiji]
    2. [Secondary Discussion Meiji era]
    3. [Image Westernization of Japan: 1880 photograph]
    4. [Image Late 19th century building, western influence]
    5. [Image Export furniture]
    6. [Image European quarter in Nagasaki, 1865]
    7. [Secondary Discussion Japanese Religions]
    8. [Image Industrialization: tramcar]
    9. [Image 1889 Celebrating the new Constitution of Imperial Japan in Kyoto]
    10. [Primary Source Constitution of Imperial Japan, 1889]
    11. [Primary Source Sakutaro Fujioka, Fifty Years of New Japan, 1909]








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