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A History of the Modern World
A History of the Modern World, 9/e
R R Palmer, Yale University
Joel Colton, Duke University
Lloyd Kramer, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
The First World War

Chapter Outline

    1. [Image A Global Conflict]
    2. [Image Young German men, August 1914]
    3. [Image German remains at Verdun]

LXXXV. The International Anarchy

  1. Rival Alliances: Triple Alliance versus Triple Entente
    1. [Primary Source Kaiser Wilhelm II, A Place in the Sun, 1901]
    2. [Image Kaiser Wilhelm II]
    3. [Primary Source The Triple Alliance]
    4. [Primary Source Bismarck's "reinsurance" treaty with Russia]
    5. [Primary Source Franco-Russian Alliance]
    6. [Image German Fleet Association, 1902]
    7. [Image German battleship]
    8. [Secondary Discussion Naval arms race]
    9. [Primary Source The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902]
    10. [Primary Source Entente cordiale]
    11. [Primary Source Anglo-Russian agreement, 1907]
  1. The Crisis in Morocco and the Balkans
    1. [Map Diplomatic Crises, 1905-14]
    2. [Primary Source Anglo-French Agreement on Morocco]
    3. [Primary Source The First Moroccan Crisis, 1905]
    4. [Image German gunboat Panther]
    5. [Image David Lloyd George]
    6. [Primary Source David Lloyd George speech on the German menace, July 1911]
    7. [Image Nationalities of Hungary in 1901]
    8. [Primary Source Annexation of Bosnia]
    9. [Image Austrians take Bosnia-Herzegovina]
    10. [Image Serbian women learning to shoot]
    11. [Primary Source Young Turks, Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908]
    12. [Image Constantinople]
    13. [Primary Source Second Balkan war]
  1. The Sarajevo Crisis and the Outbreak of War
    1. [Primary Source Constitution of Union of Death]
    2. [Image Archduke Francis Ferdinand]
    3. [Primary Source Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand]
    4. [Primary Source The German "blank check" to Austria]
    5. [Map German invasion of Belgium]

LXXXVI. The Armed Stalemate

    1. [Primary Source The Schlieffen Plan]
    2. [Map The Schlieffen Plan ]
  1. The War on Land, 1914-1916
    1. [Secondary Discussion/Maps] The Western Front]
    2. [Map German invasion of Belgium]
    3. [Map Two Russian armies enter Germany]
    4. [Image Helmuth von Moltke]
    5. [Image General Joseph Joffre]
    6. [Map Battle of the Marne]
    7. [Map Battle lines extended to the sea]
    8. [Image Battle of Tannenberg]
    9. [Image Russian cavalry]
    10. [Image Machine gun]
    11. [Primary Source Trench warfare begins]
    12. [Image Trench warfare]
    13. [Primary Source Donald Fraser, My Daily Journal, 1915-1916]
    14. [Image Russian dead]
    15. [Map Gallipoli]
    16. [Primary Source Gallipoli]
    17. [Image German dead at Battle of the Somme]
    18. [Secondary Discussion Battle of the Somme]
    19. [Image Tanks in action]
    20. [Image Battle of Verdun]
    21. [Secondary Discussion/Map Battle of Verdun]
    22. [Image General Henri-Philippe Petain]
    23. [Secondary Discussion German Zeppelin Offensive, 1916]
  1. The War at Sea
    1. [Primary Source U.S. Protests Against Allied Maritime Warfare]
    2. [Image German postcard, 1915: Inside a submarine]
    3. [Primary Source German Declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare, February 1915]
    4. [Secondary Discussion The Lusitania]
    5. [Image Take up the Sword of Justice]
    6. [Primary Source U.S. Lusitania Note to Germany, May 1915]
    7. [Primary Source Battle of Jutland]
    8. [Image Battle of Jutland]
  1. Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret Agreements
    1. [Image Ottoman Empire Joined Germany and Austria Hungary]
    2. [Image Turkey enters war]
    3. [Secondary Discussion/Images The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria
    4. [Primary Source Treaty of London, April 1915]
    5. [Primary Source Italians Join the Allies]
    6. [Image Ottoman sultan as caliph proclaims holy war]
    7. [Image Roger Casement]
    8. [Image Proclamation of the Irish Republic, 1916]
    9. [Image Arthur Zimmermann]
    10. [Primary Source Zimmermann Telegram]
    11. [Secondary Discussion The Zimmermann telegram]
    12. [Image T.E. Lawrence]
    13. [Primary Source T.E. Lawrence, Personal Notes on the Sherifial Family]
    14. [Image Emir Hussein of Hejaz]
    15. [Primary Source Balfour Declaration, November 1917]
    16. [Image Armenian massacre in 1915]
    17. [Image Sir Edward Grey]
    18. [Primary Source Japan ultimatum to Germany, August 1914]
    19. [Primary Source Japan's Twenty-One Demands on China, January 1915]
    20. [Image Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg]
    21. [Image Woodrow Wilson]

LXXXVII. The Collapse of Russia and the Intervention of the United States

  1. The Withdrawal of Russia: Revolution and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
    1. [Image Tsar Nicholas II]
    2. [Primary Source Diaries of Nicholas II, 1917]
    3. [Primary Source Abdication of Nicholas II]
    4. [Primary Source Russian Provisional Government]
    5. [Image Bolsheviks Arrive in Petrograd on "Sealed Train," May 1917]
    6. [Image Fighting in Petrograd, July 1917]
    7. [Primary Source Resolutions adopted by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets, June 1917]
    8. [Primary Source Lenin, Call to Power, Oct 24, 1917]
    9. [Primary Source Decree on Peace, November 1917]
    10. [Image Signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]
    11. [Primary Source Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]
    12. [Map Russian territory lost after Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]
    13. [Image Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg]
    14. [Image General Ludendorff]
    15. [Image German spring offensive, 1918]
  1. The United States and the War
    1. [Primary Source Germans debate renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare, January 1917]
    2. [Secondary Discussion German agents in America]
    3. [Primary Source President Woodrow Wilson's War Message, April 1917]
    4. [Image I want you for U.S. Army]
    5. [Image American troops on way to Europe]
    6. [Primary Source Allied shipping sunk, 1914-18]
    7. [Image Victory Bonds will Help Stop This]
    8. [Secondary Discussion/Primary Sources] Food Rationing]
    9. [Secondary Discussion Introduction of convoys]
    10. [Image General Robert Nivelle]
    11. [Image Battle of Passchendaele]
    12. [Primary Source Battle of Passchendaele]
    13. [Secondary Discussion/Primary Sources] Battle of Cambrai]
  1. The Final Phase of the War
    1. [Image General Ferdinand Foch]
    2. [Image Chateau-Thierry]
    3. [Image The Armistice]
    4. [Primary Source The End of World War 1]

LXXXVIII. The Collapse of the Austrian and German Empires

    1. [Image Austrian emperor Charles I]
    2. [Image Prince Max of Baden]
    3. [Image Revolutionary sailors, Berlin, 9 Nov. 1918]
    4. [Image Workers council, Berlin, Dec 1918]
    5. [Image Abdication of Kaiser William II]
    6. [Image Weimar Republic proclaimed]

LXXXIX. The Economic and Social Impact of the War

  1. Effects on Capitalism: Government-Regulated Economies
    1. [Secondary Discussion Women's Contribution to the War Effort]
    2. [Image Women of Britain Say Go]
    3. [Image "We?re all too busy just now"]
    4. [Image Women munitions workers]
    5. [Image Women's Auxiliary Army Corps]
    6. [Secondary Discussion/Images] Women's Royal Air Force]
    7. [Image War production]
    8. [Image "War socialism" in Germany: Furnishings expropriated]
    9. [Image Walter Rathenau]
    10. [Image U.S. War Industries Board]
  1. Inflation, Industrial Changes, Control of Ideas
    1. [Image Russian propaganda: German atrocities in Poland]
    2. [Image French propaganda: the war is the national industry of Prussia, 1917]
    3. [Image British anti-German propaganda]
    4. [Image American anti-German propaganda]
    5. [Image Hun or Home? American anti-German propaganda]
    6. [Image Destroy This Mad Brute: American anti-German propaganda]
    7. [Image Back him up. Buy war bonds]
    8. [Image The War Illustrated]
    9. [Image Are you in League with the Kaiser?]
    10. [Secondary Discussion War Propaganda Bureau]
    11. [Primary Source Propaganda Leaflets]
  1. Cultural Pessimism
    1. [Image Charles Peguy]
    2. [Primary Source Rupert Brooke, War Sonnets]
    3. [Primary Source Siegfried Sassoon, "How to Die"]
    4. [Primary Source Wifred Owen, "Dulce et Decorum Est"]
    5. [Secondary Discussion Freud, the death instinct]
    6. [Primary Source Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents]
    7. [Image Oswald Spengler]
    8. [Primary Source Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West]
    9. [Primary Source Tristan Tzara, Dadaism]
    10. [Image Surrealism: Andre Mare, Zillebecke Trench]
    11. [Primary Source A Surrealist Manifesto]
    12. [Image Thomas Mann]
    13. [Primary Source W. B. Yeats, "The Second Coming"]
    14. [Image Futuristic warfare]

LXXXX. The Peace of Paris, 1919

    1. [Primary Source Treaty of St. Germain (with Austria)]
    2. [Primary Source Treaty of Trianon (with Hungary)]
    3. [Primary Source Treaty of Neuilly (with Bulgaria)]
    4. [Primary Source Treaty of Sevres (with Turkey)]
  1. The Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles
    1. [Primary Source The Fourteen Points]
    2. [Image The Big Four at Versailles]
    3. [Primary Source League of Nations Covenant]
    4. [Primary Source Anglo-French-American guarantee treaty, November 1918]
    5. [Primary Source The Treaty of Versailles]
    6. [Image General Jan Christian Smuts]
    7. [Image German fleet scuttled]
  1. Significance of the Paris Peace Settlement
    1. [Map Post-war new nations]








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