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A History of the Modern World
A History of the Modern World, 9/e
R R Palmer, Yale University
Joel Colton, Duke University
Lloyd Kramer, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

The Postwar Era: Cold War and Reconstruction

Chapter Outline

CIX. The Cold War: The Opening Decade, 1945-1955

    1. [Map Europe in 1949 ]
    2. [Image Atomic bomb explosion]
    3. [Image Fallout shelter]
    4. [Primary Source Charter of the United Nations, 1945]
    5. [Map UN Security Council]
    6. [Primary Source Universal Declaration of Human Rights]
  1. The Cold War: Origins and Nature
    1. [Image President Harry Truman]
    2. [Image German refugees moving west, 1945]
    3. [Image Germany Divided]
    4. [Image Soviet troops occupy Berlin]
    5. [Image Headquarters of the American military administration in Germany, 1945]
    6. [Secondary Discussion Krystyna Kersten, Poles' Responses to the Realities of 1944-1947]
    7. [Primary Source Churchill and Stalin on Poland, October 1944]
    8. [Primary Source Proposal for International Control of Atomic Weapons, 1946]
    9. [Image First Soviet atomic bomb test, 1949]
    10. [Primary Source Winston Churchill, Iron Curtain speech, 1946]
    11. [Primary Source Stalin's reply to Iron Curtain speech]
    12. [Primary Source Truman Doctrine, 1947]
    13. [Secondary Discussion Founding of the National Intelligence Structure, 1945-46]
    14. [Secondary Discussion/Primary Source National Security Act, 1947]
    15. [Secondary Discussion Dean Acheson, The Decision to Help Greece and Turkey]
    16. [Image Seoul, South Korea, 1950]
    17. [Primary Source/Secondary Discussion Establishing Cominform]
  1. Germany: The Berlin Blockade and the Airlift of 1948-1949
    1. [Image Russian occupied East Berlin, 1945]
    2. [Image Soviets stripped plants of machinery]
    3. [Image Establishment of German Democratic Republic]
    4. [Image Exchanging Reichsmarks for Deutsche Marks, 1948]
    5. [Image Soviet roadblock]
    6. [Imagens Berlin air lift]
    7. [Imagens Berlin air lift]
    8. [Map German Democratic Republic]
  1. The Atlantic Alliance
    1. [Primary Source North Atlantic Treaty, 1949]
    2. [Primary Source Warsaw Pact of 1955]
    3. [Primary Source Marshal Tito defied Cominform, 1948]
  1. The Revival of Japan
    1. [Image General Douglas MacArthur]
  1. Containment in Asia: The Korean War
    1. [Image Kim Il Sung]
    2. [Image Syngman Rhee]
    3. [Secondary Discussion Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950]
    4. [Secondary Discussion Stalin, Mao, Kim and Korean War origins, 1950]
    5. [Map Korean War]
    6. [Primary Source Report of United Nations Commission on Korea, 1950]
    7. [Primary Source Andrei Gromyko, On American Intervention in Korea, 1950]
    8. [Image American combat troops in Korea]
    9. [Image Air strikes above the thirty-eighth parallel]
    10. [Image Amphibious landing at Inchon]
    11. [Map Chinese offensive, 1951
    12. [Secondary Discussion General MacArthur's Fall]
    13. [Image French Communist poster protesting European Defense Community]
    14. [Image Federal Republic of Germany joins NATO]
    15. [Primary Source Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951]
    16. [Image Nuclear submarine USS Seawolf, 1955]

CX. Western Europe: Economic Reconstruction

  1. The Marshall Plan and European Recovery
    1. [Primary Source Mike Mansfield, Memorandum on Economic Conditions in Europe, 1947]
    2. [Image George Marshall]
    3. [Primary Source Marshall Plan]
    4. [Image Conference for European Economic Cooperation, 1947]
  1. Economic Growth in Western Europe
    1. [Imagens Wirtschaftswunder: West German department store, 1950s]
    2. [Image Social services: Disability Insurance]
    3. [Image 1950s immigrants to Britain from Africa]
    4. [Image The universal welfare state: German poster, 1954]

CXI. Western Europe: Political Reconstruction

  1. Great Britain: Labour and Conservative
    1. [Secondary Discussion The General Election of 1945]
    2. [Image Clement Attlee]
    3. [Primary Source The 1945 Labour Party Manifesto]
    4. [Primary Source Nationalising the Iron and Steel Industry, 1948]
    5. [Primary Source Beveridge Report, 1942]
    6. [Secondary Discussion Origins of the National Health Service]
    7. [Image Obsolete Yorkshire textile mill]
    8. [Image Bloody Sunday]
  1. The French Republic: Fourth and Fifth
    1. [Image Charles de Gaulle]
    2. [Image Jean Monnet]
    3. [Primary Source Geneva Conference, Final Declaration on Restoring Peace in Indochina, 1954]
    4. [Primary Source The "Loi-Cadre," 1956]
    5. [Image Charles de Gaulle, 1958]
    6. [Primary Source Charles de Gaulle, Speech at Constantine, Algeria, 1958]
    7. The Federal Republic of Germany
    8. [Image Nuremberg trials]
    9. [Primary Source Transcript of the Nuremberg Trials]
    10. [Image Denazification program poster, 1948]
    11. [Image Prosperity for all via the social free-market economy, West German poster, 1957]
    12. [Image Parliament Building, Bonn]
    13. [Primary Source The Federal Republic of Germany Basic Law, 1949
    14. [Image Konrad Adenauer signs Basic Law, 1949]
    15. [Image Bundestag, 1953]
    16. [Image Konrad Adenauer]
    17. [Image Willy Brandt]
    18. [Image Brandt's Ostpolitik]
    19. [Image Helmut Schmidt]
    20. [Image Helmut Kohl]
  1. The Italian Republic
    1. [Image Alcide De Gasperi]
    2. [Secondary Discussion Eurocommunism]

CXII. Reshaping the Global Economy

    1. [Primary Source Bretton Woods Agreement, 1944]
    2. [Primary Source President Roosevelt on Bretton Woods Proposals, 1945]
    3. [Primary Source General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947]
  1. Currency Stability: Toward the "Gold-Dollar" Standard
  1. European Integration: From the Common Market to the European Community
    1. [Primary Source Winston Churchill, We Must Build a Kind of United States of Europe, 1946]
    2. [Secondary Discussion/Imagens Council of Europe]
    3. [Image European Court of Human Rights]
    4. [Primary Source European Coal and Steel Community Treaty]
    5. [Image European Coal and Steel Community]
    6. [Primary Source The Messina Declaration, 1955]
    7. [Primary Source Treaty of Rome]
    8. [Image Signing the Treaty of Rome]
    9. [Primary Source European Atomic Community Treaty, 1957]
    10. [Secondary Discussion European Commission]
    11. [Secondary Discussion European Parliament]
  1. End of the Gold-Dollar Standard, 1971

CXIII. The Communist World: The U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe

  1. Stalinism in the Postwar Years
    1. [Image Poster, For Construction Sites of Communism, 1952]
    2. [Primary Source Alexander Solzhenitsyn, What I Learned in the Gulag]
    3. [Image NKVD headquarters]
    4. [Image Dead Stalin in Lenin's Tomb]
  1. Khrushchev: The Abortive Effort at Reform
    1. [Image Lavrenti Beria]
    2. [Image Nikita Khrushchev]
    3. [Primary Source Nikita Krushchev, Secret speech to the twentieth party congress, 1956]
    4. [Image Boris Pasternak]
    5. [Image Alexander Solzhenitsyn]
    6. [Image Soviet hydrogen bomb test, 1955]
    7. [Image Sputnik, 1958]
    8. [Primary Source Khrushchev and Eisenhower, Summit Statements, 1960]
    9. [Primary Source Cuban Missile Crisis]
    10. [Map Cuba during missile crisis]
    11. [Image Leonid Brezhnev]
  1. Eastern Europe: The Decades of Dictatorship
  1. Consolidation of Communist Control
    1. [Image Poster promoting land redistribution in East Germany, 1945]
    2. [Image Poster, GDR nationalized economy, 1953]
    3. [Image Poster, GDR collectivized agriculture]
    4. [Image Heavy industry--Basis of independence and prosperity, East German poster, 1952]
    5. [Secondary Discussion Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 1949]
  1. Ferment and Repression in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary, 1953-1956
    1. [Image Anti-government demonstration in East Berlin, June 1953]
    2. [Primary Source Why Must We Increase our Alertness? An East German Interpretation of the Riots of 1953]
    3. [Primary Source Poland, 1956]
    4. [Image Wladyslaw Gomulka]
    5. [Image Hungarian Revolution, 1956]
    6. [Primary Source Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 1956]
    7. [Primary Source Clear Current and Scum, 1956]
    8. [Primary Sourcens Hungary, 1956]
    9. [Image Imre Nagy]
    10. [Secondary Discussion Johanna Granville, Imre Nagy, Hesitant Revolutionary]
    11. [Image Janos Kadar]
    12. [Image Soviet intervention in Hungary, 1956]
    13. [Secondary Discussion Zoltan Csipke, The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and how it Affected the World]

CIV. The Communist World: Mao Zedong and the People's Republic of China

  1. The Civil War
    1. [Image Mao Zedong]
    2. [Primary Source Mao Zedong, Chang Kai-Shek is Provoking Civil War, August 1945]
  1. Mao: The New Regime
    1. [Primary Source Mao Zedong, Dealing with Rich Peasants, 1950]
    2. [Secondary Discussion Great Leap Forward]
    3. [Primary Source China Gets the Bomb, 1964]
    4. [Primary Source Mao Tse-Tung's Thought is the Telescope and]
  1. Microscope of Our Revolutionary Cause, 1966
    1. [Image Red Guards with Mao's Living Thoughts]
  1. Foreign Affairs
    1. [Primary Source Documents on the Sino-Indian Conflict, 1962]
    2. [Primary Source The Anti-Soviet Policy of Communist China, Pravda, 1967]