Chapter Outline

CXXiV. The Crisis in the Soviet Union

1. [Image Mikhail S. Gorbachev]
2. [Secondary Discussion Perestroika]
3. [Secondary Discussion Glasnost]
4. [Image Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]
5. [Image Andrei Sakharov]
6. [Secondary Discussion March 1989 multicandidate elections]
7. [Image Azerbaijani refugees from conflict over Karabakh]

1. Gorbachev and the West
1. [Image Soviet troops leaving Afghanistan]
2. [Primary Source Gorbachev statement on detente, 1986]
3. [Image Reagan in Moscow, 1988]

CXXV. The Collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe

1. [Primary Source Helsinki Accords, 1975]

1. Poland: The Solidarity Movement
1. [Image Wladyslaw Gomulka]
2. [Image Edward Gierek]
3. [Image Solidarity poster, 1980]
4. [Image Lech Walesa]
5. [Image General JaruzelskI]
6. [Image Martial law imposed]
7. [Image John Paul II]

2. Hungary: Reform into Revolution
1. [Image Janos Kadar]

3. The German Democratic Republic: Revolution and Reunification
1. [Image Erich Honnecker]
2. [Image Berlin Wall]
3. [Image Anti-government demonstrators, East Berlin, November 1989]
4. [Image Leipzig demonstrators, 1989]
5. [Image Berliners destroying the Wall, November 9, 1989]
6. [Image Helmut Kohl]
7. [Image The German Question]
8. [Secondary Discussion German national anthem, 1991]
9. [Image October 3, 1990, GDR merges with Federal Republic of Germany]

4. Czechoslovakia: '89 is '68 Upside Down"
1. [Primary Source Charter '77]
2. [Image Vaclav Havel]
3. [Image Demonstrators in Prague, November 24, 1989]
4. [Secondary Discussion Velvet revolution]
5. [Secondary Discussion Velvet Divorce: Slovakia becomes independent, 1993]

5. Bulgaria's Palace Revolution, Bloodshed in Romania
1. [Secondary Discussion Revolution in Bulgaria
2. [Image Nicolae Ceausescu]
3. [Image Protest in Timisoara]
4. [Image Security forces intervening in Romania]
5. [Image Protestors in Bucharest]
6. [Image Ceausescu and wife after trial and before execution]

6. The Revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe

CXVI. The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union

1. [Map Collapse of the Soviet Union]

1. The "Creeping Coup d'Etat"
1. [Image Edward Shevardnadze]
2. [Image Demonstrators in Lithuania]
3. [Image Boris N. Yeltsin]

2. The Failed August Coup
1. [Secondary Discussion Coup attempt of 1991]
2. [Primary Source Ukrainian Declaration on State Sovereignty, 1990]
3. [Map Commonwealth of Independent States]

CVII. After Communism

1. [Map Europe in 1997]

1. Russia after 1991
1. [Image The Russian flag]
2. [Image Russian parliament building after attack]
3. [Primary Source Constitution of 1993]
4. [Image Russian invasion of Chechnya, 1994]
5. [Image Vladimir Putin]

2. The Resurgence of Nationalism: the Breakup of Yugoslavia
1. [Secondary Discussion Ustachi]
2. [Image Marshal Tito]
3. [Image Slobodan Milosevic]
4. [Image Franjo Tudjman]
5. [Secondary Discussion The Yugoslav Civil War]
6. [Map Ethnic Majority Areas in Bosnia-Herzegovina]
7. [Virtual Tour] Ethnic cleansing]
8. [Image Siege of Sarajevo]
9. [Map Serbia, including Kosovo]
10. [Image Destruction in Kosovo]
11. [Image NATO propaganda sheet dropped during 1999 air attacks against Serbia]
12. [Primary Source Indictment of Milosevic as a war criminal]

3. Central and Eastern Europe after 1989
1. [Image Files of East German secret security police (Stasi)]

4. Western Europe after the Cold War: Economic and Political Uncertainties
1. [Image Protest against unemployment, Germany, 1991]

5. Western Europe: Political Crises and Discontents
1. [Image Italian Popular party]
2. [Image Massimo d'Alema]

6. Europe's Immigrants and Refugees
1. [Secondary Discussion German Turkish workers]
2. [Image Right-wing arson attack in Germany, 1993]
3. [Image Neo-Nazis in Germany]
4. [Secondary Discussion Skinheads in Britain]
5. [Image Jean-Marie Le Pen]
6. [Image National Front]

7. Economic Recovery and Boom: A "Third Way" in Politics
1. [Image President Clinton]
2. [Image Tony Blair]
3. [Primary Source New Labour manifesto, 1997]
4. [Image New parliament in Scotland in 1999]
5. [Primary Source Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement, 1998]
6. [Image Last Day of historic House of Lords]
7. [Image Gerhard Schroder]
8. [Secondary Discussion Gerhard Schroder's Germany]
9. [Image Daniel Jospin]

8. Japan in the 1990s

9. The European Union: Widening and Deepening
1. [Image Treaty of Maastricht, 1991]
2. [Image The "euro"]
3. [Secondary Discussion European Central Bank]
4. [Secondary Discussion European Union Rapid Reaction Force]
5. [Secondary Discussion Berlin as new German capital]

10. The "New Economy": The 1990s and Beyond
1. [Secondary Discussion Russia devaluation of ruble, 1998]
2. [Secondary Discussion London as world financial center]
3. [Image Bill Gates]
4. [Image World Wide Web invented, 1989]
5. [Image Anti-WTO protest, Seattle 2000]

CXVIII. Intellectual and Social Currents

1. The Advance of Science and Technology
1. [Image Motion picture]
2. [Image Early Television]
3. [Image German washing machine, 1950s]
4. [Image Patent for freezing foods]
5. [Image B-29]
6. [Image The Electronic Era for Business]
7. [Image COBE, launched 1989]
8. [Image ENIAC computer, 1946]
9. [Image Aids in Africa]
10. [Image Aids patient]

1. Nuclear Physics
1. [Image Max Planck]
2. [Primary Source Einstein explains e=mc2]
3. [Image Otto Hahn]
4. [Image Lise Meitner]
5. [Image Nils Bohr]
6. [Image Enrico Fermi]
7. [Image Testing the A-bomb]
8. [Image Little Man and Fat Boy]
9. [Image Soviet hydrogen bomb test, 1955]
10. [Image Browns Ferry nuclear power plant]
11. [Image cyclotron]

2. Social Implications of Science and Technology
1. [Secondary Discussion Overpopulation]
2. [Image Cloning sheep: Dolly and her mother]
3. [Secondary Discussion/Images] Decoding the human genome]

3. Space Exploration
1. [Image Sputnik, 1958]
2. [Image Yuri A. Gagarin]
3. [Image Apollo 11: man on the Moon, 1969]
4. [Image Neil Armstrong]
5. [Image Voyager 2]
6. [Image Hubble space telescope]
7. [Image Mir space station]
8. [Secondary Discussion European Space Agency]

4. Philosophy: Existentialism in the Postwar Years
1. [Secondary Discussion Existentialism]
2. [Image Soren Kierkegaard]
3. [Image Jean-Paul Sartre]
4. [Secondary Discussion Jean-Paul Sartre]
5. [Image Albert Camus]
6. [Secondary Discussion Albert Camus]

5. Philosophy: Logic and Language; Literary Criticism; History
1. [Image Bertrand Russell]
2. [Image Alfred North Whitehead]
3. [Secondary Discussion Principia Mathematica]
4. [Image Ludwig Wittgenstein]
5. [Secondary Discussion Logical positivism]
6. [Secondary Discussion Semiotics for beginners]
7. [Secondary Discussion Deconstruction: What is it?]
8. [Image Jacques Derrida]
9. [Secondary Discussion Annales school]

6. The Creative Arts
1. [Image Pablo Picasso]
2. [Secondary Discussion/Image Marcel Proust]
3. [Image James Joyce]
4. [Image Postmodern architecture: Frank Gehry, Weisman Art Museum, University of Minnesota, 1995]
5. [Image Robert Venturi]
6. [Secondary Discussion Learning from Las Vegas]
7. [Image Andy Warhol, Self Portrait]
8. [Image Harold Pinter]
9. [Image Samuel Beckett]
10. [Image Eugene Ionesco]

7. Religion in the Modern World
1. [Secondary Discussion World Council of Churches]
2. [Secondary Discussion/Image Karl Barth]
3. [Primary Source Paul Tillich, The Courage to Be, 1952]
4. [Image Billy Graham preaching in London, 1954]
5. [Image Pius XII]
6. [Image John XXIII]
7. [Primary Source Pacem in Terris]
8. [Primary Source Documents of the Second Vatican Council]
9. [Primary Source Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae (On The Regulation of Birth), 1968]
10. [Primary Source Evangelicals & Catholics Together, 1994]
11. [Primary Source The Sacred Cluster: Core Values of Conservative Judaism]
12. [Secondary Discussion Brief History on the origin of the Nation of Islam]
13. [Secondary Discussion/Images] Who is Osama Bin Laden and What Does He Want?]
14. [Secondary Discussion Why Radical Muslims Aren't Taking Over Governments]
15. [Image 1992 Hindu extremists in India destroy Muslim mosque]

8. Activism: The Youth Rebellion of the 1960s
1. [Image Students for a Democratic Society demonstration poster, 1968
2. [Image Frantz Fanon]
3. [Secondary Discussion Herbert Marcuse]
4. [Primary Source Port Huron Statement]
5. [Image Students for a Democratic Society demonstration, 1965]

9. The Women's Liberation Movement
1. [Primary Source Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949)]
2. [Primary Source Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963)]
3. [Image Indira Gandhi]
4. [Image Golda Meir]
5. [Image Corazon Aquino]
6. [Image Benazir Bhutto]
7. [Image Margaret Thatcher]
8. [Secondary Discussion Birth control pill]
9. [Image US women undergraduates]

CXXIX. Facing the Twenty-first Century

1. [Image Taliban rulers in Afghanistan destroyed Buddhist sculptures]
2. [Map UN Security Council]
3. [Primary Source Universal Declaration of Human Rights (ch 25)]
4. [Image US military mission in Somalia, 1993]
5. [Image Massacre of Tutsi in 1994 in Rwanda]
6. [Image UN Secretary General Kofi Annan]
7. [Image George W. Bush]
8. [Primary Source Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1968]
9. [Primary Source Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972]

The Population Explosion

2. The Environment
1. [Secondary Discussion Lake Acidification]
2. [Image Desertification in Niger]
3. [Image "Earth Summit" meeting in Rio de Janeiro, 1992]
4. [Secondary Discussion Kyoto Protocol]
5. [Image Campaign poster, West German Green party, 1983]