Chapter Outline

XI. The Opening of the Atlantic

1. The Portuguese in the East
1. [Primary Source Vasco da Gama, Round Africa to India, 1497-1498]
2. [Web Site Colonial Malaysia]
3. [Web Site Spice Islands]
4. [Web Site Spices and the Spice Islands]
5. [Secondary Discussion Francis Xavier]
6. [Image Prince Henry the Navigator]

2. The Discovery of America
1. [Web Site The First Voyage of Columbus]
2. [Primary Source Columbus' letter to the King and Queen of Spain, 1494]
3. [Primary Source An Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico]
4. [Primary Source Mining]
5. [Primary Source Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522]
6. [Primary Source John Cabot, Voyage to North America, 1497]
7. [Web Site Jacques Cartier: Explorer of the St. Lawrence]
8. [Primary Source Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494]

3. The Spanish Empire in America
1. [Primary Source The New Laws of the Indies, 1542]

XII. The Commercial Revolution

1. [Image London]
2. [Image Paris]
3. [Primary Source Thomas Mun, England's Treasure By Forraign Trade, 1664]
4. [Primary Source John Locke, Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money]

1. Changes in Commerce and Production
1. [Image Jacob Fugger]
2. [Image Rouen]

2. Capital and Labor
1. [Website Printing]
2. [Image Book trade]
3. [Image Commercialization of industry]

3. Mercantilism
1. [Primary Source English Poor Law, 1601]
2. [Image Russia Company]

XIII. Changing Social Structures

1. [Image Freeholders]
2. [Image Peasants]

1. Social Classes
1. [Image French nobles]
2. [Image Grands seigneurs]
3. [Image German merchant]
4. [Image Urban elite]
5. [Primary Source Daniel Defoe, The Complete English Tradesman]
6. [Primary Source Trade guilds]
7. [Image Guildhall]
8. [Image Small retailers]
9. [Image Small retailers]
10. [Primary Source Poor in 17th-century France]
11. [Image Beggars]
12. [Image Charitable relief: Foundling Hospital]
13. [Secondary Discussion Demographic Statistics]

2. Social Roles of Education and Government
1. [Image Grammar school]
2. [Image Leyden]
3. [Image Geneva]
4. [Image Eton]
5. [Image Cambridge University]

3. Eastern and Western Europe

XIV. The Crusade of Catholic Spain: The Dutch and English

1. The Ambitions of Philip II
1. [Primary Source Peace of Augsburg]
2. [Web Site Cervantes]
3. [Web Site El Greco]
4. [Web Site Murillo]
5. [Web Site Diego Velazquez]
6. [Image The Escorial]
7. [Image Duke of Alva]
8. [Image Battle of Lepanto ]
9. [Secondary Discussion Battle of Lepanto]
10. [Primary Source Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572]

2. The Revolt of the Netherlands
1. [Primary Source Dutch Declaration of Independence, 1581]

3. The Involvement of England
1. [Image Queen Elizabeth]
2. [Image Mary Queen of Scots]
3. [Image Prince of Parma]
4. [Image Union of Utrecht]
5. [Image Tomb of William the Silent]
6. [Primary Source Francis Pretty, Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round The World, 1580]
7. [Primary Source Queen Elizabeth I, Speech Against the Spanish Armada, 1588]

4. The Results of the Struggle
1. [Map Amsterdam]
2. [Primary Source Charter of the Dutch West India Company, 1621]
3. [Web Site Dutch maritime Ventures]

XV. The Disintegration and Reconstruction of France

1. Political and Religious Disunity
1. [Map Religious and Political Divisions of France, 1585-1598]

2. The Civil and Religious Wars
1. [Image Admiral de Coligny]
2. [Image Henry of Bourbon, King of Navarre]
3. [Secondary Discussion Guise family]
4. [Image Procession of Catholic League, 1590]
5. [Image Duke of Parma Resupplies Paris, 1590]
6. [Image Duke of Guise]
7. [Image Jean Bodin]

3. The End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV
1. [Image Henry IV Enters Paris, 1594]
2. [Primary Source Edict of Nantes]

4. Cardinal Richelieu
1. [Primary Source Cardinal Richelieu, An Account of the State of France in 1624]

XVI. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: The Disintegration of Germany

1. Background of the Thirty Years' War
1. [Image The Thirty Years' War]

2. The Four Phases of the War
1. [Image Defenestration of Prague]
2. [Primary Source Protestant Union, 1608]
3. [Primary Source Edict of Restitution]
4. [Image Gustavus Adolphus]
5. [Image Philip IV of Spain]
6. [Primary Source The Destruction of Magdeburg, 1631]

3. The Peace of Westphalia, 1648
1. [Primary Source Treaty of Westphalia]