Schooling and African‑Americans |
| 1806 | New York City provides schools for black children for the
first time |
| 1807 | Bell School, the first school for black children in Washington,
D.C., is established by George Bell, Nicholas Franklin, and Moses Liverpool,
free blacks |
| 1814 | The
African Free School in New York City is burned |
| 1815 | The African Free School reopens in new location in New York
City |
| 1818 | Philadelphia free blacks establish Pennsylvania Augustine
Society “for the education of people of colour”; schools for blacks receive
public aid in Philadelphia |
| 1823 | Mississippi enacts laws that prohibit teaching reading and
writing to blacks and meetings of more than five slaves or free blacks |
| 1823 | Anti‑Slavery Society forms in England |
| 1824 | Dartmouth College in New Hampshire opens admission to blacks |
| 1824 | American teacher and church worker Sophia B. Packard (1824–1891)
establishes a Negro college in Georgia |
| 1827 | About 140 antislavery groups exist in United States |
| 1829 | Blacks
are excluded from public schools in Ohio; segregated schools are established
20 years later |
| 1831 | Slave Nat Turner leads rebellion against slavery |
| 1832 | Free blacks petition the Pennsylvania state legislature to
admit their children to public school on the grounds that they pay taxes
which support public education; the petition is unsuccessful |
| 1833 | American
educator Prudence Crandell defies white townspeople in Connecticut by accepting
a black girl into her school |
| 1833 | American
educator Prudence Crandell defies white townspeople in Connecticut by accepting
a black girl into her school |
| 1833 | Oberlin College (Ohio), the first coeducational college, is
integrated from the outset and serves as a leader in the abolitionist cause;
at the start of the Civil War, blacks constitute one‑third of its
students |
| 1834 | First black‑funded school for blacks in Cincinnati,
Ohio, opens |
| 1837 | Angelina
and Sarah Grimke found the National Female Anti‑Slavery Society, one
of the few such societies to include women of color from the start |
| 1837 | Institute for Colored Youth, the first black coeducational
classical high school, opens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; high schools
for blacks had been vocational/industrial |
| 1838 | Ohio law prohibits the education of black children at the
expense of the state |
| 1839 | Benjamin
Roberts, a black printer, sues the Boston School Committee to gain admission
to a common school for his daughter |
| 1852 | Antislavery
novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| 1857 | In
Dred Scott case, U.S. Supreme Court rules slavery is legal in U.S. territories |
| 1859 | Harper’s Ferry raid led by abolitionist John Brown in West
Virginia is unsuccessful in attempt to start a slave uprising |
| 1861 | Abraham Lincoln is sixteenth President |
| 1861 | Civil
War begins |
| 1863 | American
abolitionist and “conductor” on the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman
leads a raid that frees 750 slaves; during the American Civil War she becomes
the first woman in the United States to lead troops to battle |
| 1863 | Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation |
| 1864 | Lincoln signs a bill mandating the creation of public schools
for blacks in Washington, D.C. |
| 1865 | Thirteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery |
| 1865 | The
Thirteenth Amendment is ratified; it prohibits slavery and any other denial
of liberty without due process of law |
| 1865 | Institutions of higher learning for African‑Americans
are established (now known as historically black colleges and universities) |
| 1866 | Howard University is founded as Howard Seminary in Washington,
D.C. |
| 1867 | Peabody Fund
is established to provide endowments, scholarships, and teacher and industrial
education for newly freed slaves across the nation |
| 1868 | Congress passes Fourteenth Amendment, which grants blacks
full citizenship and equal civil rights; it is later ratified |
| 1868 | Hampton Institute is opened by ex‑Union officer Samuel
Chapman Armstrong in Hampton, Virginia |
| 1877 | End
of Reconstruction and restoration of conservative state governments in the
South hinder public education of African‑Americans |
| 1881 | Tuskegee Institute is founded by Booker T. Washington |
| 1895 | W. E. B. Du Bois receives the first doctoral degree awarded
to a black from Harvard University |
| 1896 | Plessy v. Ferguson, Supreme Court decision used to support
constitutionality of separate schools for whites and blacks |
| 1902 | John D. Rockefeller establishes General Education Board, a
powerful philanthropic foundation |
| 1903 | Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk, a collection of essays,
is published |
| 1909 | Du Bois and others, including whites, meet and advocate a
civil rights organization to combat growing violence against black Americans;
this leads to the founding of the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People |
| 1910 | National
Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) is formed |
| 1915 | Carter G. Woodson founds the Association for the Study of
Negro Life and History; much of its early support comes from women |
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education