| The events below should help you situate the educational developments
in this chapter in a broader historical context. These events are illustrative-you
might have chosen differently if you were constructing such a timeline.
For any item, you should be able to consider, "What is its educational
significance?" Some of these are not mentioned in the Chapter and might
lead you to further inquiry. |
Early National Period |
| 1794 | Five years after George Washington becomes first U.S. President,
Indian resistance to white rule in the Northwest Territory is broken |
| 1811 | General Wm.
Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, defeats Indians in the
Battle of Tippecanoe |
| 1813 | Powerful Indian Confederacy in Northwest collapses when Harrison
defeats British in Ontario, in which Shawnee Chief Tecumseh is killed. |
| 1814 | War with Creek Indians when Gen. Andrew Jackson defeats them
at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama. |
| 1818 | Jackson
leads U.S. forces into invading Florida to punish hostile Seminoles. Spain
told by U.S. to control Indians or cede Florida to U.S. |
| 1825 | Creek Indians reject treaty ceding all their lands in Georgia
to U.S. Congress adopts policy of forcibly removing all eastern Indian tribes
to territory west of the Mississippi, thus establishing "Indian frontier."
|
Jacksonian and Post-Jacksonian Era |
| 1830 | Indian Removal Bill authorizes resettlement of eastern Indians
to Oklahoma Territory, as Sauk and Fox tribes in Illinois are finally forced
to move west of Mississippi River. |
| 1832 | Black Hawk War occurs when Sauk Chief Black Hawk reterns to
Illinois to plant crops. His tribe is massacred by U.S. and Illinois troops. |
| 1835 | Gold found on Cherokee
land in Georgia, and Cherokee are forced to cede lands to U.S. Seminole
war begins when Seminoles refuse to leave Florida; they attack and massacre
U.S. troops. |
| 1842 | Seminoles' crops and villages destroyed, they are forced to
sign peace treaty and removed to Indian Territory in eastern Oklahoma. |
| 1843 | Settlers
begin great migration westward over Oregon Trail to Oregon Territory. |
| 1848 | Treaty
of Hidalgo ends U.S. war with Mexico, ending Mexican claims to Texas and
ceding to U.S. present-day California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts
of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, now placing many indigenous peoples
within borders of U.S. (leading to 20th century Chicano observation, "We
didn't cross the border, the border crossed us.") See also:
John O’Sullivan’s treatise on "Manifest Destiny" |
| 1849 | U.S. Department of Interior is created to meet needs of western
settlers. |
| 1851 | Sioux Indians give all their land in Iowa and most of their
land in Minnesota to the U.S. |
Progressive Period |
| 1871 | Congress enacts Indian Appropriation Act, nullifying all Indian
Treaties and making all Indians wards of the U.S. |
| 1871 | U.S. Army suppresses Apache Indians and forces them onto reservations
in New Mexico and Arizona. Apache resist, conducting raids on white settlers. |
| 1877 | As
Reconstruction ends in the South, Nez Percé Chief Joseph's tribe
battles U.S., then retreats across 1600 miles of western states, is finally
defeated and forced to a reservation ("I will fight no more forever.") |
| 1878 | Bureau of Indian Affairs counts 137 white-led schools serving
Indian children. |
| 1879 | Uprising of Ute Indians is suppressed, and they are removed
from Colorado to Utah. |
| 1886 | Haymarket
Square labor riot takes place in Chicago; Apache Indian wars end in the
Southwest as Chief Geronimo surrenders; Dawes Allotment Act passed to change
Indian commitment to communal property, reduces tribal lands by 100 million
over next 50 years. |
| 1889 | Oklahoma Indian Territory is opened to white settlers. |
| 1890 | U.S. troops massacre 200 Sioux Indians at the Battle of Wounded
Knee, South Dakota; Progressive Era ushers in Sherman Anti Trust Act in
nation's capital. |
| 1901 | U.S.
citizenship granted to the Indians of the "Five Civilized Tribes":
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. |
| 1907 | Oklahoma, formerly Oklahoma and Indian territories, becomes
46th state. Congress refuses to allow state to be named Sequoyah, after
Indian creator of the Cherokee alphabet. |
| 1920 | Progressive activist John Collier begins a stay with Pueblo
Indians that lasts ten years. |
| 1928 | The Merriam Report on "The Problem of Indian Administration"
is issued, argues for more government administration of Indians. |
| 1933 | Collier appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs, begins to
enact "progressive" agenda. |
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education