Many thanks to reviewers of this text for their comments, suggestions, and corrections, most of which were incorporated throughout this new edition of Human Biology. A thorough copy edit has improved the overall quality of the entire text. As in the previous edition, the contributions of each organ system to maintaining homeostasis are emphasized throughout. A new homeostasis icon (scale) is used to identify homeostatic functions in the systems chapters, chapter 4 through chapter 16. All statistics have been updated for this edition. New Bioethical Focus readings present pros and cons on particular bioethical issues. Students are challenged to develop and defend his or her own opinions on the issues. New/Revised Chapters Chapter 4 - New title: Organization and Regulation of Body Systems. This was chapter 3, Introduction to Homeostasis, in the previous edition. The title was changed to better reflect the content of the chapter. Homeostasis was expanded and rewritten to provide better coverage of this topic. Chapter 13: Nervous System has been extensively reorganized and rewritten. The discussion of the central nervous system now precedes that of the peripheral nervous system. Chapter 19: Chromosomal Inheritance (previously chapter 18). This chapter has been reorganized. The human life cycle, including mitosis and meiosis, now begins the chapter. The chapter ends with a discussion of chromosomal inheritance abnormalities. Chapter 23: Human Evolution (previously chapter 22: Evolution) has been completely rewritten and expanded. More detailed information on the origin of life and human evolution is given. This chapter contains many new, interesting, and helpful illustrations and photographs. Chapter 24: Ecosystems and Human Interferences (previously chapter 23: Ecosystems). This chapter was rewritten and reorganized, and combines the material previously found in chapters 23 and 24. Chapter 25: Conservation of Biodiversity is a completely new chapter, which discusses the current biodiversity crises including why we should care, the root causes, and how to preserve species and prevent extinctions. e-Learning Connection is new to this edition, and gives access information to new learning technologies.
Chapter 1: A Human Perspective New/Revised Text: This was the Introduction chapter in the previous edition. 1.2 The Process of Science includes an expanded explanation and summary of the scientific method. New Bioethical Focus: Animals in the Laboratory New/Revised Figures: 1.5 Flow diagram for the scientific method
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life New/Revised Text: This was chapter 1 in the previous edition. 2.6 Lipids. The discussion of soap was replaced by a discussion of emulsifiers. New Bioethical Focus: Organic Pollutants New/Revised Figures: 2.12 The pH scale; 2.18 Glycogen structure and function
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function New/Revised Text: This was chapter 2 in the previous edition. 3.3 Cellular Metabolism. The discussion of cellular respiration has been simplified. The phrase aerobic cellular respiration has been changed to cellular respiration for clarity. New Bioethical Focus: Stem Cells New/Revised Figures: 3.3 Animal cell; 3.5 Tonicity; 3.7 The nucleus and the nuclear envelope; 3.9 The Golgi apparatus; 3.12 Sperm cells; 3.14 Cellular respiration
Chapter 4: Organization and Regulation of Body Systems New/Revised Text: This was chapter 3, Introduction to Homeostasis, in the previous edition. The title was changed to better reflect the content of the chapter. Homeostasis was expanded and rewritten to provide better coverage of this topic. 4.1 Types of Tissues. As in the previous edition, this section covers the tissues, cavities, membranes, and organ systems of the human body. The term fiber (with regard to nerves) is explained. The phrase neuroglial cell has been changed to neuroglia throughout. 4.3 Organ Systems. This section has been reorganized so that the discussions of the Integumentary System and Regions of the Skin are kept together. The Working Together box has been moved to section 4.4 Homeostasis. 4.4 Homeostasis. The entire section has been rewritten and reorganized to give more emphasis on this topic. Negative and positive feedback mechanisms are more clearly explained in this edition. Regulation of Body Temperature has been moved to this section and rewritten. Homeostasis and Body Systems is new to this section. New/Revised Figures: 4.2 Epithelial tissue; 4.4 Connective tissue examples; 4.6 Muscular tissue; 4.11 Homeostasis; 4.12 Negative feedback; 4.13 Homeostasis and body temperature regulation; 4.14 Regulation of tissue fluid composition
Part 2: Maintenance of the Human Body Chapter 5: Digestive System and Nutrition New/Revised Text: This was chapter 4 in the previous edition. 5.5 Nutrition. In the discussion of calcium, the usefulness of vitamin D and other vitamins in preventing osteoporosis is presented. The Health Focus "Weight Loss the Healthy Way" has been revised to improve clarity. New/Revised Figures: 5.3 Swallowing; 5.7 Hormonal control of digestive gland secretions
Chapter 6: Composition and Function of Blood New/Revised Text: This was chapter 5 in the previous edition. 6.2 The White Blood Cells. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are introduced. 6.3 Blood Clotting has been reorganized and rewritten. New/Revised Figures: 6.5 Action of erythropoietin; 6.8 Capillary exchange New/Revised Tables: 6.3 The ABO System
Chapter 7: Cardiovascular System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 6 in the previous edition. Throughout the chapter and entire text, the terms "O2-rich" and "O2-poor" replace the phrases "high in oxygen" and oxygenated" and "low in oxygen" or "deoxygenated." 7.4 The Vascular Pathways. The path of blood to and from the lower legs has been corrected and now includes the femoral artery, lower leg capillaries, and femoral vein. 7.6 Homeostasis. The end of the chapter has been repaged so that The Working Together page does not interrupt the end matter. New/Revised Figures: 7.5 Internal view of the heart; 7.6 Stages in the cardiac cycle; 7.7 Conduction system of the heart
Chapter 8: Lymphatic and Immune Systems New/Revised Text: This was chapter 7, Lymphatic System and Immunity, in the previous edition. The introductory story was revised to better introduce the immune system and its functions. 8.4 Induced Immunity. The immunization schedule for infants and young children has been updated to contain the latest requirements. In Cytokines and Immunity, the explanation of the technique to activate cytotoxic T cells to destroy cancer cells has been clarified. The explanation of the delayed allergic response has been simplified. New/Revised Figures: 8.6 Clonal selection theory as it applies to B cells; 8.8 Clonal selection theory as it applies to T cells; 8.10b (updated Immunization table) New/Revised Table: 8.1; immunization table in Figure 8.10
Chapter 9: Respiratory System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 8 in the previous edition. 9.3 The introductory paragraph was rewritten to emphasize the contribution of gas exchange to homeostasis. 9.5 Homeostasis has been rewritten and clearly explains how the respiratory system regulates pH and immunity. New/Revised Figures: 9.1 The path of air(caption); 9.2 The respiratory tract; 9.6 Vital capacity; 9.8 Inspiration and expiration
Chapter 10: Urinary System and Excretion New/Revised Text: This was chapter 9 in the previous edition. 10.1 has been revised to introduce the urinary system and the path of urine right away, before discussing the urinary organs. Some reorganization of heads allows the discussion of the role of kidneys in maintaining homeostasis to logically lead to a discussion of salt-water balance and acid-base balance. 10.7 Problems with Kidney Function. Replacing a kidney is a new topic to this edition. New Bioethical Focus: Organ Transplants New/Revised Figures: 10.1 Taking a drink of water; 10.5 Nephron anatomy; 10.7 Steps in urine formation; 10.11 An artificial kidney machine
Part 3: Movement and Support in Humans Chapter 11: Skeletal System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 10 in the previous edition. 11.1 Tissues of the Skeletal System. The opening paragraph now introduces bone, cartilage, and connective tissues before discussing each in depth. 11.3 Bones of the Skeleton. The discussions of the pectoral girdle and arm have been rewritten, and the rotator cuff is mentioned. 11.4 Articulations has been revised - the discussion of arthritis has been expanded and was moved to the end of the section. The text for Figure 11.12 Joint Movements now more closely follows the illustration. The Working Together illustration now follows 11.5 Homeostasis, so it does not break up the text. New/Revised Figures: 11.7 The vertebral column; 11.8 Thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage; 11.9 Bones of the pectoral girdle and arm; 11.12 Joint movements, 11.13 Hip prosthesis
Chapter 12: Muscular System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 11 in the previous edition. 12.4 Energy for Muscle Contraction introductory paragraphs have been rewritten for clarity. The discussion entitled Muscular Disorders is completely new and discusses muscle spasms and cramps, tendonitis, tetanus, muscular dystrophy, and myasthenia gravis. New/Revised Figures: 12.7 Neuromuscular junction; 12.12 Myasthenia gravis.
Part 4: Integration and Coordination in Humans Chapter 13: Nervous System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 12 in the previous edition. This chapter has been extensively reorganized. Many sections and topics have been rewritten. The central nervous system, limbic system, memory, language, and speech are discussed before the peripheral nervous system. Homeostasis ends the chapter. 13.1 Nervous Tissue was previously entitled Neurons and How They Work. Neuron Structure and Myelin Sheath have been rewritten. Synaptic Integration now follows the discussion of transmission across a synapse. 13.2 The Central Nervous System is discussed next in the logical sequence of spinal cord and brain. Functions of the Spinal Cord has been rewritten and now discusses the role the spinal cord plays in regulating internal organs in addition to the skeletal muscles. Parts of the brain are discussed in more depth. 13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions contains discussions of the limbic system, memory and learning, and language and speech. (The discussion of Alzheimer disease has been moved to the end of the chapter). 13.4 The Peripheral System. The organization and content of this section remains essentially the same as in the last edition. 13.6 Homeostasis has been expanded to include discussions of two degenerative nervous system diseases, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. The Alzheimer disease discussion has been updated with the newest information, and the Parkinson disease discussion is new to this chapter. New/Revised Figures: 13.1 Organization of the nervous system; 13.3 Myelin sheath; 13.4 Resting and action potential; 13.5 Synapse structure and function; 13.6 Integration; 13.7 Organization of the nervous system; 13.9 The human brain; 13.10 The cerebral cortex; 13.12 The limbic system; 13.13 Long-term memory circuits; 13.15 Cranial and spinal nerves; 13.16 A reflex arc; 13.18 Drug actions at a synapse; 13.19 Drug use; 13.20 Alzheimer disease.
Chapter 14: Senses New/Revised Text: This was chapter 13 in the previous edition. 14.1 Sensory Receptors. Table 14.1 Exteroceptors is new and replaces Table 13.1 Special Sense Organs. Discussions of sensory receptors have been revised. How Sensation Occurs has been revised to include the influence of the reticular activating system, and how sensory receptors contribute to homeostasis. 14.2 Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors. New A head title identifies and focuses the discussion of these topics. The topics Cutaneous Receptors and Pain Receptors were revised. 14.6 Sense of Equilibrium. Terminology has been changed. The term dynamic equilibrium has been changed to rotational equilibrium, and the term static equilibrium has been changed to gravitational equilibrium. The Health Focus reading Protecting Vision and Hearing now follows the discussion of hearing and is found at end of the chapter. New/Revised Figures: 14.2 Sensation; 14.10 Structure and function of the retina; 14.15 Mechanoreceptors for equilibrium New/Revised Tables: 14.1 Exteroceptors is new and replaces Table 13.1 Special Sense Organs
Chapter 15: Endocrine System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 14 in the previous edition. The chapter has been reorganized, and some heads have changed. The chapter now ends with Chemical Signals (previously called Environmental Signals), instead of beginning with it. The introductory story is new. Terminology change: contrary hormone has been changed to antagonistic hormone. As before, each gland is discussed in turn with an emphasis on medical disorders caused by too much or too little hormones. 15.1 Endocrine Glands introduces and defines endocrine glands and hormones in general, and discusses the contribution of hormones to homeostasis. Table 15.1 logically ends this section. 15.4 Adrenal Glands. Glucocorticoids has been revised; it now precedes the discussion of mineralocorticoids. 15.7 Chemical Signals. The information in this section has been reorganized and rewritten, and includes the discussion of steroid and peptide hormones. Hormonal versus Neural Signals includes the material formerly discussed in Environmental Signals. New Health Focus: melatonin New Bioethical Focus: Fertility Drugs New/Revised Figures: 15.1 Puberty; 15.9 Adrenal glands; 15.14 Glucose tolerance test; 15A Melatonin production; 15.16 Cellular activity of hormones; 15.17 Chemical signals; 15B Higher-order multiple births
Part 5: Reproduction in Humans The AIDS supplement and chapter 17 regarding STDs have been rewritten to include the latest research, techniques, and information. Chapter 16: Reproductive System New/Revised Text: This was chapter 15 in the previous edition. Development of Male and Female Sex Organs has been moved to chapter 18 Development and Agin. 16.1 Male Reproduction System. The discussion of sperm production and movement has been rewritten. 16.2 Female Reproduction System. The discussions of external genitals and orgasm in females has been rewritten. 16.3 Female Hormone Levels. The discussion of follicle development has been rewritten. 16.4 Control of Reproduction. Information about the "male pill" has been updated. Infertility is redefined. New to this section are discussions of fertility drugs, higher-order births, and vasectomy reversals. The terminology Assisted Reproductive replaces the terminology Alternative Methods of Reproduction in the previous edition. A new procedure called Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is covered in this section. New Bioethical Focus: Assisted Reproductive Technologies. New/Revised Figures: 16.3 Testis and sperm; 16.9 Female hormone levels; 16.10 Implantation; 16.12 In vitro fertilization; 16B Couples and children
Chapter 17: Sexually Transmitted Diseases New/Revised Text: This was chapter 16 in the previous edition. The chapter has been revised to include non-sexually transmitted infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other animals. Statistics of new cases of AIDS and other STDs have been updated to reflect the most current information from the Centers of Disease Control. 17.1 Viral Infectious Diseases (previously Viral in Origin) has been rewritten and the discussion of the typical DNA animal virus life cycle has been simplified for better understanding; Figure 17.3 illustrating this life cycle has also been simplified. The discussion of HIV infections summarized and identifies types and subtypes of HIV found in Africa and in the United States. HIV infections and AIDS are covered in detail in the AIDS supplement. 17.2 Bacterial Infectious Diseases (previously Bacterial in Origin). All statistics have been updated. 17.3 Other Infectious Diseases (previously Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases) has been rewritten and includes a more detailed introduction to kingdoms Protista, Fungi, and Animalia, and how these organisms transmit infectious diseases. Several diseases caused by protozoa are discussed. There is a new topic on infectious diseases caused by fungi. The topic on infectious diseases caused by animals discusses head lice and parasitic worms, as well as pubic lice. New Bioethical Focus: HIV Vaccine Testing in Africa New/Revised Figures: 17.3 Life cycle of an animal DNA virus; 17.4 Genital warts; 17.5 Genital herpes; 17.8 Chlamydial infection; 17.10 Gonorrhea; 17.12 Syphilis; 17A AIDS in Africa; 17.13 Organisms that cause vaginitis; 17.14 Sexually transmitted animal New/Revised Tables: 17.1 Infectious Diseases Caused by Viruses (revised); 17.2 Infectious Diseases Caused by Bacteria (revised); 17.3 Infectious Diseases Caused by Protozoa, Fungi, and Animals (new). AIDS Supplement New/Revised Text: All sections of The AIDS Supplement have been rewritten and updated with the latest research, information, and statistics. The new introduction identifies the types and subtypes of HIV. The prevalence of AIDS in Africa and other less-developed countries is presented in the introductory story and reinforced in Figure S.2 and in Section S.1, which has been extensively rewritten. S.2 Phases of an HIV Infection identifies HIV-1B as the prevalent subtype in the U.S. The definitions of the three categories remain the same. The discussions of the HIV structure and life cycle have been simplified for better understanding; Figure S.5 illustrating the reproduction of HIV has also been simplified. The discussion of drug therapy and vaccines have been revised, reflecting the latest information on therapies now in use, in trials, and undergoing research. A new Health Focus reading, Preventing Transmission of HIV, gives more emphasis to this information, which was contained in section S.4 in the previous edition. New/Revised Figures: S.2 Global HIV prevalence rates in adults at the end of 1999; S.5 Reproduction of HIV.
Chapter 18: Development and Aging New/Revised Text: This was chapter 17 in the previous edition. 18.1 Fertilization has been completely rewritten and clearly shows the steps of fertilization. Figure 18.2 has been corrected. 18.2 Development Before Birth. The topic Gastrulation has been reorganized, rewritten, and clarified. The difference between embryonic development and fetal development is made clear in the discussion of embryonic development. New to this section, the discussion of the first month of embryonic development introduces stem cells and the controversy over using embryonic stem cells to cure human conditions. Much of the information in the First Month has been rewritten. Includes 18.3 Development of Male and Female Sex Organs (previously in the reproduction chapter). 18.4 Birth has been rewritten and explains the positive feedback mechanism in relation to the onset and continuation of labor. There is a new discussion of the benefits of breast feeding to the mother and child under female breast and lactation. New Bioethical Focus: Maternal Health Habits New/Revised Figures: 18.2 Fertilization; 18.3 Human development before implantation; 18.4 Early developmental stages in cross section; 18.7 Fetal circulation and the placenta; 18.9 Human embryo at five weeks; 18.10 A three- to four-month-old fetus; 18.11 A six- to seven-month-old fetus; 18B Health habits
Part 6: Human Genetics Chapter 19: Chromosomal Inheritance New/Revised Text: This was chapter 18 in the previous edition. The chapter has been reorganized. The human life cycle, including mitosis and meiosis, now begins the chapter. The chapter ends with a discussion of chromosomal inheritance abnormalities. 19.2 Mitosis contains a new topic Cytokinesis, which discusses cytokinesis and formation of a cleavage furrow. 19.4 Chromosomal Inheritance. The discussion of nondisjunction now precedes an expanded explanation of nondisjunction, how it occurs, and its resulting chromosomal abnormalities. Down syndrome and other syndromes caused by abnormalities in chromosome makeup follow the discussion of nondisjunction. The term triplo-X syndrome has been changed to poly-X syndrome. New Bioethical Focus: Cloning in Humans New/Revised Figures: 19.1 Life cycle of humans; 19.8 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis; 19.9 Human karyotype preparation New/Revised Tables: 19.1 Meiosis I Versus Mitosis; 19.2 Meiosis II Versus Mitosis; These new tables help summarize the information given in the chapter.
Chapter 20: Genes and Medical Genetics New/Revised Text: This was chapter 19 in the previous edition. This chapter has been fewer A heads. The new section 20.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns includes polygenic inheritance, multiple allelic traits, and incompletely dominant traits. Four sets of Practice Problems have been added. 20.2 Dominant/Recessive Traits. Recessive Disorders are now discussed before dominant disorders. Pedigree Charts makes it clear that with recessive genetic disorders, when both parents are affected, all children are affected (and why); and with dominant genetic disorders, two affected parents can have an unaffected child (and why). This information will help the student be able to understand and successfully answer the related practice problems. 20.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns includes polygenic inheritance, multiple allelic traits, and incompletely dominant traits. New Bioethical Focus: Genetic Profiling New/Revised Figures: 20.2 Genetic inheritance; 20.9 Autosomal recessive pedigree chart; 20.10 Autosomal dominant pedigree chart; 20.12 Inheritance of blood type; 20.13 Incomplete dominance; 20.14 Cross involving an X-linked allele; 20.15 X-linked recessive pedigree chart; 20A Genetic profiling
Chapter 21: DNA and Biotechnology New/Revised Text: This was chapter 20 in the previous edition. Most main sections and topics were rewritten for clarity. 21.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function. Most topics in this section were rewritten for clarity. 21.2 Gene Expression. The DNA Code and Transcription topics were rewritten for clarity. 21.3 Biotechnology. Polymerase Chain Reaction was rewritten for clarity. Cloning of Transgenic Animals was updated, and the diagram (Fig. 21.18) that illustrates this procedure has been simplified for better understanding. The Human Genome Project discussion was updated to include recent achievements in that area. Gene sequencing of diseases or afflictions found on chromosome 17 is illustrated in new Figure 21.19. The Gene Therapy discussion has been updated and greatly expanded. It gives new information on gene therapy treatments for cystic fibrosis and for children with SCID using bone marrow stem cells. It also discussed the possibilities for the use of gene therapy to treat other illnesses, such as hemophilia, AIDS, cancer, and heart disease. New Health Focus: Organs for Transplant New Bioethical Focus: Transgenic Plants New/Revised Figures: 21.2 DNA location and structure; 21.9 Function of introns; 21.16 Polymerase chain reaction; 21.18 Genetically engineered animals; 21.19 Genetic map of chromosome 17; Colors have been made consistent in all DNA/RNA illustrations. New/Revised Tables: 21.2 Some DNA Codes and RNA Codons has been expanded.
Chapter 22: Cancer New/Revised Text: This was chapter 21 in the previous edition. Statistics have been updated. 22.2 Origin of Cancer. Regulation of the Cell Cycle has been reorganized and rewritten for better understanding of the stimulatory and inhibitory pathways involved in the action of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Apoptosis has been rewritten and contains new information on caspases and how they work to bring about apoptosis. 22.4 Diagnosis and Treatment. Future Therapies, which ends the section and the chapter has been updated and includes new information and a new illustration regarding cancer vaccine therapy and inhibitory drug therapy (previously called chemoprevention). The Health Focus and Bioethical Focus readings have been moved to the end of the chapter so text is not interrupted. New Bioethical Focus: Tobacco and Alcohol Use New/Revised Figures: 22.3 Origin of cancer; 22.4 Function of p53; 22.5 Industrial chemicals; 22.7 Treatment of cancer; 22.8 Cancer vaccine Part 7: Human Evolution and Ecology Part 7 contains a new part introduction. Chapter 25 Conservation of Biodiversity is a completely new chapter.
Chapter 23: Human Evolution New/Revised Text: This was chapter 22, Evolution, in the previous edition. The entire chapter has been completely rewritten and expanded to include more detailed information on the origin of life and human evolutionary events. This chapter contains many new, interesting, and helpful illustrations and photographs. The chapter has a new introductory story. 23.1 Origin of Life (previously 22.3 Organic Evolution). This section has been rewritten in more detail and Miller's experiment is explained. Taxonomy has been moved to 23.3 Humans are Primates. Only the classification of humans is examined. 23.2 Biological Evolution includes evidences of evolution - common descent and natural selection. The entire section has been rewritten. Each topic goes into more detail than previously. 23.3 Humans are Primates. This section has been completely rewritten. Characteristics of primates and the primate evolutionary tree are examined. 23.4 Evolution of Australopithecines. This new section gives details about the discoveries of australopithecine fossils in Southern and Eastern Africa. 23.5 Evolution of Humans. This entire section has been rewritten and has much more information and detail than in the previous edition. New Bioethical Focus: The Theory of Evolution. New/Revised Figures: 23.1 Chemical evolution; 23.2 Fossils; 23.3 Mechanism of evolution; 23.4 Primate evolutionary tree; 23.5 Australopithecus africanus; 23.6 Human evolution; 23.7 Homo erectus; 23.8 Origin of modern humans; 23.9 Neanderthals; 23.10 Cro-Magnons; 23A Australopithecus africanus skull New/Revised Tables: 23.1 Evolution and Classification of Humans
Chapter 24: Ecosystems and Human Interferences New/Revised Text: This was chapter 23 Ecosystems in the previous edition. This chapter has been rewritten and reorganized, and combines the material previously found in chapters 23 and 24. 24.2 Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling is now a main head, which emphasizes its importance. The content is the same as in the previous edition. 24.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles. The order of the cycles has been changed to this: water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle. The discussion of the carbon cycle has been reorganized and rewritten. The topic Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming is new and contains information and statistics on global warming. The discussion of the nitrogen cycle has been reorganized and rewritten. The topic Nitrogen and Air Pollution is new and contains information about acid rain, smog, and thermal inversions. In the discussion of the phosphorus cycle, the Phosphorus and Water Pollution is new and contains information on eutrophication, biological magnification, and pollution of coastal regions and the seas. New Health Focus: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Threatens the Biosphere. New Bioethical Focus: Preserving Ecosystems Abroad New/Revised Figures: 24.2 Example of primary succession; 24.5 Nature of an ecosystem; 24A Ozone shield depletion; 24B preserving ecosystems
Chapter 25: Conservation of Biodiversity
Chapter 25 Conservation of Biodiversity is a completely new chapter, which discusses the current biodiversity crises including why we should care, the root causes, and how to preserve species and prevent extinctions. | 
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education