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Human Biology, 7/e
Dr. Sylvia S. Mader
Muscular System

Chapter Outline


12.1 Skeletal Muscles

  • Skeletal muscles have levels of organization from the macroscopic to the microscopic. 226
  • Muscles permit movement and have other functions as well. 226

    12.2 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction

  • Following nervous stimulation, a chain of events leads to muscle fiber contraction. 231
  • Nervous stimulation requires a neuromuscular junction where the stimulus is passed from nerve fiber to muscle fiber. 232
  • When a muscle fiber contracts, the myofilament myosin breaks down ATP. 233

    12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction

  • Laboratory observations have established the basics of whole muscle contraction. 234
  • In the body, muscles have tone and vary in the strength of contraction. 234

    12.4 Energy for Muscle Contraction

  • Cellular respiration, creatine phosphate breakdown, and fermentation are three sources of ATP for muscle contraction. 236
  • Muscle fibers differ in structure and the way they acquire ATP; therefore, certain type fibers help us perform one sport compared to another. 238

    12.5 Homeostasis

  • The muscular system works with the other systems of the body to maintain homeostasis. 240 s








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