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Human Biology, 7/e
Dr. Sylvia S. Mader
Cancer

Chapter Outline


22.1 Cancer Cells

  • Cancer cells have characteristics that can be associated with their ability to grow uncontrollably. 444

    22.2 Origin of Cancer

  • Mutations of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes are linked to the development of cancer. 446

    22.3 Causes of Cancer

  • A number of agents are known to bring about the mutations that cause cancer, and a mutated gene can be inherited. 448
  • Environmental factors play a role in the development of cancer. 448

    22.4 Diagnosis and Treatment

  • There are few routine screening tests for specific cancers, and cancer often goes undetected until it is advanced. New ways to diagnose cancer are under investigation. 450
  • Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are presently the standard ways of treating cancers. 452
  • Molecular knowledge of cancer has produced many specific types of drugs and therapies that are now in clinical trials. 454
  • It is possible to take protective steps to reduce the risk of cancer. 456








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