ELEMENTS IMPORTANT TO CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY | Element | Symbol | Atomic Number | Atomic Weight (gm) |
| | Hydrogen | H | 1 | 1.00794 | | Carbon | C | 6 | 12.011 | | Nitrogen | N | 7 | 14.00674 | | Oxygen | O | 8 | 15.9994 | | Sodium | Na | 11 | 22.989768 | | Magnesium | Mg | 12 | 24.305 | | Phosphorus | P | 15 | 30.973762 | | Sulfur | S | 16 | 32.066 | | Chlorine | Cl | 17 | 35.4527 | | Potassium | K | 19 | 39.0983 | | Calcium | Ca | 20 | 40.078 | | Iron | Fe | 26 | 55.847 | | Copper | Cu | 29 | 63.546 | | Zinc | Zn | 30 | 65.39 |
MOLECULES IMPORTANT TO SKELETAL MUSCLE BIOCHEMISTRY | Molecule | Molecular Weight (gm/M) | Function(s) |
| | ATP | 507.2 | Chemical energy exchange
| | Creatine phosphate | 209.1 | Rapid regeneration of ATP
| | Glucose | 180.1 | Glycolytic substrate
| | Glycogen* | - | Glucose polymer stored in muscle and the liver
| | Palmitate | 255.0 | Main free fatty acid of metabolism
| | Lactate | 89.0 | By-product of glycolysis; helps maintain cytosolic redox
| | Pyruvate | 87.0 | Final product of glycolysis
| | Acetyl-CoA | 582.1 | Branch molecule in CHO and lipid catabolism
| | NAD+ | 663.4 | Proton and electron transfer
| | Alanine | 89.1 | Amino acid involved in transamination reactions
| | Histidine | 155.0 | Main amino acid that contributes to the muscle buffer
capacity
| | Bicarbonate | 61.0 | Main buffer in blood
|
*Assayed as glucose units per tissue weight. IMPORTANT CONSTANTS AND FORMULA | Constant | Symbol | Formula |
| | Avogadro constant | NA | 6.02214 3 1023 / mol | | Faraday constant | F | 95485.31 C / mol | | Molar gas constant | R | 1.98589 cal / mol·°K | | Acceleration of gravity | ga | 9.80665 m / s2 | | Gibbs free energy | | -Standard | ∆G | 2RT In ([prod] / [sub]) | | -Absolute | ∆G°' | ∆G 1 RT In ([prod] / [sub]) |
METRIC-ENGLISH CONVERSIONS* FAHRENHEIT-CELSIUS
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION SCALE  <![CDATA[<a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::Fahrenheit-Celsius Temperature Conversion Scale::/sites/dl/free/007232919x/9647/thermometer.jpg','popWin', 'width=263,height=666,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif">Fahrenheit-Celsius Temperature Conversion Scale (44.0K)</a>]]>Fahrenheit-Celsius Temperature Conversion ScaleLENGTH
| English (USA) | 5 Metric |
| | inch (in) | = 2.54 cm, 25.4 mm | | foot (ft) | = 0.30 m, 30.48 cm | | yard (yd) | = 0.91 m, 91.4 cm | | mile (statute) (5280 ft) | = 1.61 km, 1609 m | | mile (nautical) (6077 ft, 1.15 statute mi) | = 1.85 km, 1850 m | | | | Metric | 5 English (USA) |
| | millimeter (mm) | = 0.039 in | | centimeter (cm) | = 0.39 in | | meter (m) | = 3.28 ft, 39.37 in | | kilometer (km) | = 0.62 mi, 1091 yd, 3273 ft |
WEIGHT
| English (USA) | 5 Metric |
| | grain | = 64.80 mg | | ounce (oz) | = 28.35 g | | pound (lb) | = 453.60 g, 0.45 kg | | ton (short-2000 lb) | = 0.91 metric ton (907 kg) | | | | Metric | 5 English (USA) |
| | milligram (mg) | = 0.002 grain (0.000035 oz) | | gram (g) | = 0.04 oz | | kilogram (kg) | = 35.27 oz, 2.20 lb | | metric ton (1000 kg) | = 1.10 tons |
VOLUME
| English (USA) | 5 Metric |
| | cubic inch | = 16.39 cc | | cubic foot | = 0.03 m3 | | cubic yard | = 0.765 m3 | | ounce | = 0.03 liter (30 ml)† | | pint (pt) | = 0.47 liter | | quart (qt) | = 0.95 liter | | gallon (gal) | = 3.79 liters | | | | Metric | 5 English (USA) |
| | milliliter (ml) | = 0.03 oz | | liter (L) | = 2.12 pt | | liter | = 1.06 qt | | liter | = 0.27 gal |
1 liter 1 1000 5 1 milliliter or 1 cubic centimeter (10-3 liter)
1 liter 1 1,000,000 5 1 microliter (10-6 liter)
*Note that detailed conversion charts are also provided in Appendix C.
†Note: 1 ml 5 1 cc |
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education