Chapter Outline

I. Division: the Later Carolingians[TXT: Ordinance of Louis the Pius 817][IMG: The Division of the Carolingian Empire: Verdun 843 and Mersen, 870 (Col)]

II. Invasions: Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings

1. Muslim Pirates and Magyar Horsemen
2. Viking Raiders [WEB: Fotevikens Museum A maritime archaeological museum concentrated on research and inventory of shipping, ships, and maritime relics]
1. Origins
2. Attacks [TXT: Three Sources on the Ravages of the Northmen in Frankland, c. 843 - 912]
3. Vikings in England and the Continent
4. Vikings in the North Atlantic and Russian States [TXT: Text: The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson, c. 1000 from The Saga of Eric the Red, (1387)]
5. Twilight of the Viking Age [TXT: Saga of Olaf Haraldson (St. Olaf)]

III. Reorganization: New Politics

1. England: Unification [TXT: Anglo Saxon Dooms, 560-975]
1. Alfred the Great (r. 871-899) [TXT: Life of King Alfred][IMG: Map and Discussion] [WEB: Alfred the Great]
2. The Renewal of the Danish Attacks: Ethelred and Canute [TXT: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred the Great]

2. West Francia: Fragmentation

2. The German States: Fragmentation and Unification