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1 | |
The scientific method is sometimes described as a "hypothetico-deductive method." This means that when the experiment begins, the hypothesis |
| | A) | is a good guess. |
| | B) | will deduce the answer. |
| | C) | is based on observations. |
| | D) | must include a control. |
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2 | |
If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining many related phenomena and is widely supported, it becomes known as a |
| | A) | law. |
| | B) | theory. |
| | C) | conclusion. |
| | D) | suitable answer. |
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3 | |
The scientific method is based on a |
| | A) | hypothesis. |
| | B) | fact. |
| | C) | law. |
| | D) | theory |
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4 | |
Another name for an immediate cause of a biological function is a(n) |
| | A) | initial cause. |
| | B) | first cause. |
| | C) | basic cause. |
| | D) | proximate cause. |
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5 | |
The biological sciences that address proximate causes are the |
| | A) | experimental sciences. |
| | B) | anatomical sciences. |
| | C) | microbiological sciences. |
| | D) | cellular sciences. |
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6 | |
In the experimental method, a control is used to protect against unperceived factors. A control is repetition |
| | A) | with monitoring. |
| | B) | with additional factors. |
| | C) | without application of a treatment. |
| | D) | by someone else. |
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7 | |
The evolutionary sciences address questions of causes that produce various systems. |
| | A) | ancient |
| | B) | non-human |
| | C) | relationship |
| | D) | ultimate |
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8 | |
Ultimate causes are investigated by the |
| | A) | comparative method. |
| | B) | hypothetical method. |
| | C) | proximate method. |
| | D) | evolutionary method |
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9 | |
Instead of using the experimental method, evolutionary sciences use a |
| | A) | comparative method. |
| | B) | fossilized method. |
| | C) | mentally insightful method. |
| | D) | non-controlled method. |
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10 | |
The most widely accepted parts of Darwin's theory include |
| | A) | gradualism. |
| | B) | perpetual change. |
| | C) | natural selection. |
| | D) | inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
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11 | |
Another term for the structure of the branching tree that depicts evolutionary relationships is |
| | A) | homology. |
| | B) | analogy. |
| | C) | phylogeny. |
| | D) | autonomy. |
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12 | |
The term particulate inheritance refers to work by |
| | A) | Mendel. |
| | B) | Darwin. |
| | C) | Lamarck. |
| | D) | Malthus |
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13 | |
The history of an animal's life is depicted as a branching tree; this diagram is called a |
| | A) | phylogeny. |
| | B) | history. |
| | C) | pedigree. |
| | D) | cladophory. |
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14 | |
The French biologist, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, proposed that new traits in animals were produced by a life experience being translated into heritable |
| | A) | mutant characteristics. |
| | B) | dominant characteristics. |
| | C) | acquired characteristics. |
| | D) | learned characteristics. |
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15 | |
Today we recognize that in some cases, bacteria can acquire genetic material and we call the process by which it happens |
| | A) | mutation. |
| | B) | transformation. |
| | C) | binary fission. |
| | D) | sexual reproduction. |
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16 | |
Charles Lyell recognized that the earth is always changing and that the laws of the physical sciences do not change; he formulated these thoughts into the principle of |
| | A) | acquired inheritance. |
| | B) | geologic catastrophism. |
| | C) | natural selection. |
| | D) | uniformitarianism. |
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17 | |
Charles Darwin collected and synthesized data for over 20 years to produce his extensively documented book, |
| | A) | The Origin of Man. |
| | B) | On the Origin of Species. |
| | C) | Evolution of Man and Monkey. |
| | D) | Survival of the Fittest. |
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18 | |
The idea that the environment affects the survival rate of animals is termed |
| | A) | natural selection. |
| | B) | extinction. |
| | C) | evolution. |
| | D) | propagation. |
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19 | |
The part of the evolutionary theory that is termed "multiplication of species" is defined as |
| | A) | new species created in new environments. |
| | B) | new species gradually appearing in the fossil record. |
| | C) | new species formed from older ones. |
| | D) | all species increasing geometrically. |
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20 | |
The inference that some members of a species will live longer and have more offspring than other members of the same population is called |
| | A) | predation. |
| | B) | differential reproduction. |
| | C) | random chance. |
| | D) | competition. |
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21 | |
Fossils are deposited in strata or layers, and certain fossils are characteristic of specific geologic periods. These fossils are called |
| | A) | sedimentary fossils. |
| | B) | metamorphosis fossils. |
| | C) | index fossils. |
| | D) | extinct fossils. |
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22 | |
The method that counts the amount of decaying elements in a sample is called |
| | A) | radiometric dating. |
| | B) | geologic aging. |
| | C) | fossil decomposition. |
| | D) | animal crystallography. |
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23 | |
When the element potassium-40 is used for dating fossils, the period of time for half of this element to decay is approximately |
| | A) | 5 million years. |
| | B) | 1.3 billion years. |
| | C) | 50,000 years. |
| | D) | 1 million years. |
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24 | |
The fossil record of macroscopic organisms begins early in the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era, which was years ago. |
| | A) | 70 thousand |
| | B) | 100 thousand |
| | C) | 600 million |
| | D) | 3 billion |
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25 | |
The proposal by Darwin that all living things have descended from a single original source may have seemed far-fetched at that time, but it is supported by more recent studies of similar anatomical structures. This is called |
| | A) | analogy. |
| | B) | pathology. |
| | C) | embryology. |
| | D) | homology. |
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26 | |
An example of a homologous structure that has been studied to determine degrees of relationship is the vertebrate |
| | A) | patella. |
| | B) | tail. |
| | C) | limb. |
| | D) | eye. |
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27 | |
Evolutionary change in the timing of development that means one organism will develop a heart with three chambers while another develops four chambers from similar tissue is called |
| | A) | incomplete dominance. |
| | B) | hybridization. |
| | C) | heterochrony. |
| | D) | birth defects. |
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28 | |
While there is not complete consensus regarding the definition of the term species, most biologists would include all of the following except |
| | A) | reproductive compatibility. |
| | B) | maintenance of genotypic cohesion. |
| | C) | a generally consistent appearance of all members. |
| | D) | descent from a common ancestral population. |
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29 | |
The biological factors that prevent different species from interbreeding are called reproductive barriers and the most common form is |
| | A) | geographical. |
| | B) | behavioral. |
| | C) | chromosomal. |
| | D) | temporal. |
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30 | |
When speciation occurs as a result of reproductive barriers between geographically separated populations, it is known as |
| | A) | genetic speciation. |
| | B) | allopatric speciation. |
| | C) | reproduction isolation. |
| | D) | sympatric speciation. |
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31 | |
The term _______ describes the condition when diverse species from a common ancestral stock are found in different habitats. |
| | A) | linear evolution |
| | B) | punctuated evolution |
| | C) | adaptive radiation |
| | D) | radiating gradualism |
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32 | |
The discontinuous nature of the fossil record regarding evolutionary changes may be best explained by |
| | A) | creationism. |
| | B) | inadequate fossil excavations. |
| | C) | the slow rate of geologic time. |
| | D) | punctuated equilibrium. |
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33 | |
The study of evolution occurring within a single population or several groups of populations with related gene frequencies is called |
| | A) | minievolution. |
| | B) | microevolution. |
| | C) | polyevolution. |
| | D) | macroevolution. |
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34 | |
The occurrence of different allelic forms of a gene in a population is called |
| | A) | polymorphism. |
| | B) | heterozygous. |
| | C) | recessive phenotypes. |
| | D) | trisomy. |
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35 | |
The two individuals who established the mathematical formula for calculating allelic frequency were |
| | A) | Darwin and Wallace. |
| | B) | Laurel and Hardy. |
| | C) | Hardy and Weinberg. |
| | D) | Watson and Crick. |
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36 | |
The loss of genetic variation from one generation to the next, particularly significant in a small population, is known as |
| | A) | genetic drift. |
| | B) | accidental loss. |
| | C) | the effect on nonrandom mating. |
| | D) | natural selection. |
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37 | |
Preferential mating among close relatives is called inbreeding and results in |
| | A) | decreased migration. |
| | B) | increased survival potential. |
| | C) | increased homozygosity. |
| | D) | decreased homozygosity. |
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38 | |
Every species that has ever lived has had two possible evolutionary fates: |
| | A) | interbreed with another species or become extinct. |
| | B) | give rise to a new species or become extinct. |
| | C) | move to a stable environment or adapt. |
| | D) | remain the same or change. |
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39 | |
The study of macroevolution includes analysis of mass extinctions. The most cataclysmic of these extinction episodes happened _________ when 90% of the marine invertebrates disappeared. |
| | A) | about 3 billion years ago |
| | B) | after the Exxon Valdez oil spill |
| | C) | approximately 225 million years ago |
| | D) | at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution |
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40 | |
Another cause of mass extinction would be the impact of an asteroid hitting a planet. This condition was observed in July 1994, when fragments of a comet impacted |
| | A) | the Nevada desert. |
| | B) | a coral reef off Africa. |
| | C) | the planet Mars. |
| | D) | the planet Jupiter. |
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41 | |
Organisms that depend on organic molecules for food to supply energy are called autotrophs. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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42 | |
Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own energy utilizing heat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | |
In the scientific method, an unsubstantiated guess about a mechanism is called a hypothesis. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
In scientific research, data are collected to support and/or refute the original premise that initiated the investigation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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45 | |
The nucleus is the smallest unit of life. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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46 | |
Viruses cannot be considered alive since they do not reproduce on their own. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | |
Most living organisms have their genetic material in the form of RNA. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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48 | |
The first law of thermodynamics describes the importance of entropy to living organisms. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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49 | |
Lyell proposed the concept of inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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50 | |
Charles Darwin proposed the idea of evolution based on his observations while completing a study in Africa. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
Of the five premises that support Darwin's theory of evolution, the least well-supported one is that of natural selection. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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52 | |
The term ontogeny describes the branching tree that depicts evolutionary relationships. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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53 | |
Some salamanders retain juvenile characteristics, such as gills, and the aquatic lifestyle throughout their entire life. This is referred to as paedomorphosis. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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54 | |
An island that is not inhabited by any rodents experiences an invasion by a small number of rats, whose populations grow over time very rapidly. The genetic variability in the ensuing population would be reflective of a phenomenon called the founder effect. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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55 | |
Analogous structures are those that have a common ancestry but different uses in different animals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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56 | |
One of the major differences between Darwin's Theory and neo-Darwinism is the inclusion of the modern theories of paleontology. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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57 | |
Macroevolution is the interaction of natural selection from the environment, speciation resulting from allelic frequencies, and catastrophes, which open new opportunities for different species. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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