Please answer all questions

1		The primary function of the notochord is
			A)	sensory.
			B)	digestive.
			C)	support.
			D)	respiration.
2		Which of the following characterizes chordates?
			A)	ventral heart with both dorsal and ventral blood vessels
			B)	dorsal heart with a dorsal blood vessel
			C)	ventral heart with a ventral blood vessel
			D)	dorsal heart with both dorsal and ventral blood vessels
3		Cladistics shows that the chordates contain paraphyletic groupings such as
			A)	reptiles and fish.
			B)	amphibians and birds.
			C)	amphibians and reptiles.
			D)	reptiles and birds.
4		From dorsal to ventral, what is the correct order of these organs?
			A)	gut, nerve cord, notochord
			B)	notochord, nerve cord, gut
			C)	nerve cord, gut, notochord
			D)	nerve cord, notochord, gut
5		In terrestrial vertebrates, which of the following structures did not arise from the pharyngeal pouches?
			A)	Eustachian tube
			B)	middle ear
			C)	intervertebral discs
			D)	parathyroid gland
6		Pharyngeal gill slits first evolved for
			A)	respiration.
			B)	filter feeding.
			C)	support of the buccal cavity.
			D)	production of glandular tissue.
7		The term tunicate makes reference to the urochordate test, or tunic, which is composed of
			A)	silicon dioxide.
			B)	cellulose.
			C)	chitin.
			D)	calcium carbonate.
8		The adult ascidian possesses a single chordate characteristic, the
			A)	vertebral column.
			B)	pharyngeal slits.
			C)	dorsal hollow nerve cord.
			D)	postanal tail.
9		An unusual chordate morphological feature of ascidians is that
			A)	they possess two siphons.
			B)	their blood travels in both directions.
			C)	their nervous system is arranged in a net.
			D)	anus empties into the incurrent siphon.
10		Cephalochordates are similar to higher fish in that they possess a
			A)	mesonephric kidney.
			B)	two-chambered heart.
			C)	tripartite brain.
			D)	closed circulatory system.
11		The primary support system in vertebrates is the
			A)	living exoskeleton.
			B)	living endoskeleton.
			C)	nonliving exoskeleton.
			D)	nonliving endoskeleton.
12		The earliest ostracoderms could be characterized in this way:
			A)	heterostracans with paired fins.
			B)	acanthodians with jaws.
			C)	placoderms without jaws.
			D)	heterostracans without jaws.
13		Of the early fish, which led to the extant fish of today?
			A)	heterostracans
			B)	placoderms
			C)	cephalochordates
			D)	acanthodians
14		Garstang introduced the theory of________, which stated that the juvenile characteristics of the ascidian led to the vertebrates.
			A)	paedomorphosis
			B)	ontogeny
			C)	miracidia
			D)	Lamarckism
15		The fossil record of _________________ is the least adequate and convincing.
			A)	gnathostomes to agnathans
			B)	reptiles to birds
			C)	reptiles to mammals
			D)	agnathans to modern fish
16		The origin of the jaw in the gnathostomes is the
			A)	gill arch.
			B)	bones supporting the cranium.
			C)	notochord.
			D)	hyoid.
17		It is relatively safe to say that your closest evolutionary relative is a(n)
			A)	echinoderm
			B)	insect.
			C)	earthworm.
			D)	nematode
18		All chordates have three germ layers.
			A)	True
			B)	False
19		The system of the body that most clearly marks the advancement of the vertebrates is the nervous system.
			A)	True
			B)	False
20		Although it may not be the ancestor that led to the chordates, the first chordate known from the fossil record isPikaia.
			A)	True
			B)	False
21		The earliest chordate fossils come from the Cambrian, although vertebrate fossils are not seen until fossils from the Mesozoic are examined.
			A)	True
			B)	False
22		Predatory lifestyles in the gnathostomes were possible because of the development of paired fins.
			A)	True
			B)	False
23		The larvacean and thaliacean urochordates are primarily planktonic in life style.
			A)	True
			B)	False
24		The most current hypotheses concerning the evolution of the chordates involve a link to a group of fossil echinoderms, the calcichordates.
			A)	True
			B)	False
25		The larvaceans are the most common of the urochordates and are known as sea squirts.
			A)	True
			B)	False
26		The calcichordates differ from the chordates because the chordates have a skeleton composed of calcium and phosphates.
			A)	True
			B)	False
27		The urochordates exhibit the four chordate characteristics in the most obvious form in the adult.
			A)	True
			B)	False
28		The larvae of the cephalochordate transform from a free-swimming form to a sessile adult.
			A)	True
			B)	False
29		The endoskeleton of vertebrates allows continuous growth without molting, and is a very efficient framework for muscle attachment.
			A)	True
			B)	False
30		The chordate deuterostomes exhibit radial cleavage, an anus derived from the blastopore, and enterocoelous coelom formation.
			A)	True
			B)	False
31		The taxonomic terms reptile and agnatha are actually polyphyletic taxa.
			A)	True
			B)	False
32		Taxonomic terms to describe you, a human being, would be Chordata, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Tetrapoda, and Amniota.
			A)	True
			B)	False
33		Taxonomic terms to describe a trout would be Chordata, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Pisces, and Anamniota.
			A)	True
			B)	False
34		The dorsal tubular nerve cord is formed by endodermal tissues during embryological development.
			A)	True
			B)	False
35		The term postanal tail means that the tail extends beyond the anus. For example, in fish, the tail fin, and some musculature extend beyond the anal opening.
			A)	True
			B)	False
36		Sea squirts are named as they tend to squirt water out of their incurrent siphon when disturbed.
			A)	True
			B)	False
37		Interestingly, sea squirts concentrate high levels of chromium and molybdenum, derived from seawater, in their bodies.
			A)	True
			B)	False