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1 | |
A(n) ________ includes all of the communities in a certain area, and the abiotic environment.
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| | A) | population
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| | B) | community
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| | C) | lithosphere
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| | D) | ecosystem
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2 | |
The number of species in a particular community is known as
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| | A) | complexity.
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| | B) | diversity.
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| | C) | the niche.
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| | D) | the intrinsic factor.
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3 | |
If resources are not in short supply, ________ would not be expected to occur.
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| | A) | mutualism
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| | B) | amensalism
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| | C) | competition
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| | D) | predation
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4 | |
Due to competition, an animal's ________ may be observed in nature. |
| | A) | fundamental niche. |
| | B) | realized niche. |
| | C) | deme. |
| | D) | habitat. |
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5 | |
Frogs of the same species live in two ponds that are close, and the frogs do mate with each other, pond to pond. However, they do not interact to a great degree. They are considered to be members of different
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| | A) | populations.
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| | B) | communities.
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| | C) | demes.
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| | D) | ecosystems.
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6 | |
Frogs of species A are only found in marginal marshy habitats and frogs of species B inhabit the prime habitats. Experimental removal of frog species B showed that the frogs of species A moved into the prime habitats. Therefore, originally, the species A frogs were inhabiting their
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| | A) | deme.
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| | B) | fundamental niche.
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| | C) | realized niche.
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| | D) | absolute niche.
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7 | |
The study of population structure is
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| | A) | demography.
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| | B) | etymology.
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| | C) | ecology.
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| | D) | helminthology.
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8 | |
Most modular animals reproduce
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| | A) | by parthenogenesis.
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| | B) | asexually.
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| | C) | only during estrus.
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| | D) | via internal fertilization.
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9 | |
The survivorship curve of most invertebrates and vertebrates such as fish shows
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| | A) | rapid mortality at early ages.
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| | B) | constant mortality during life.
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| | C) | rapid mortality at later ages.
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| | D) | none of the above.
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10 | |
In the equations describing population growth, r indicates the
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| | A) | intrinsic rate of increase.
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| | B) | carrying capacity.
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| | C) | number in the population.
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| | D) | death rate.
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11 | |
In the equations describing population growth, K indicates the |
| | A) | intrinsic rate of increase. |
| | B) | carrying capacity. |
| | C) | number in the population. |
| | D) | death rate. |
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12 | |
Exponential growth may be graphed (time versus population size) in a(n) shaped curve.
|
| | A) | S
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| | B) | K
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| | C) | C
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| | D) | J
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13 | |
The difference between the logistic and the exponential curves is the inclusion of a limiting factor that takes into account
|
| | A) | r.
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| | B) | K.
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| | C) | t.
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| | D) | N.
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14 | |
Predator/prey and parasite/host relationships are classically considered to be
|
| | A) | + +.
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| | B) | + -.
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| | C) | - 0.
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| | D) | - -.
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15 | |
Amensal relationships are
|
| | A) | + +.
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| | B) | + -.C. - 0.
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| | C) | - -.
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16 | |
A relationship in which past competition has resulted such that one of the species experiences little harm is known as
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| | A) | commensalism.
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| | B) | amensalism.
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| | C) | mutualism.
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| | D) | parasitism.
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17 | |
Studies of different species of birds that live in forests have shown that to avoid competition, the birds will use the limiting resource in a slightly different way (e.g. foraging at different heights of the trees, or picking up insects of slightly different sizes). This is known as
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| | A) | niche overlap.
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| | B) | character displacement.
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| | C) | competitive exclusion.
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| | D) | niche adjustment.
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18 | |
Birds which divide up similar resources as described in the previous question may be described as belonging to a
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| | A) | deme.
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| | B) | niche.
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| | C) | guild.
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| | D) | population.
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19 | |
The relationship between predator and prey is best characterized by
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| | A) | character displacement.
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| | B) | functional niches.
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| | C) | realized niches.
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| | D) | coevolution.
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20 | |
A species which is of utmost importance in a community, such that its absence changes the entire character of the community is called the
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| | A) | keystone species.
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| | B) | top dog.
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| | C) | primary predator.
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| | D) | primary guild.
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21 | |
A ________ links trophic levels and depicts the transfers of energy and materials. |
| | A) | food web |
| | B) | pyramid of numbers |
| | C) | pyramid of energy |
| | D) | pyramid of biomass |
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22 | |
Green plants are known as
|
| | A) | primary producers.
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| | B) | primary consumers.
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| | C) | secondary producers.
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| | D) | tertiary producers.
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23 | |
Decomposers are primarily ________ and fungi.
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| | A) | green plants
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| | B) | diatoms
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| | C) | bacteria
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| | D) | kelp
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24 | |
The total amount of energy fixed by green plants, not including respiratory losses, is known as
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| | A) | net productivity.
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| | B) | lost energy.
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| | C) | chemoautotrophic energy.
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| | D) | gross productivity.
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25 | |
Approximately ________ percent of the energy available at one trophic level is converted into new biomass in the next trophic level.
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| | A) | 5
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| | B) | 10
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| | C) | 25
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| | D) | 75
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26 | |
After analyzing the pyramid of energy, it could be said that it would be most prudent to
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| | A) | become a vegetarian.
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| | B) | raise your own cows in your backyard.
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| | C) | dig out a fish pond in your back yard.
|
| | D) | ignore all recommendations, and eat what you want.
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27 | |
When analyzing a pyramid of energy, the production of ________ may actually exceed the energy production of herbivores.
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| | A) | decomposers
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| | B) | zooplankton
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| | C) | carnivores
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| | D) | parasites
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28 | |
There are many exceptions to the classic pyramids, but the pyramid of ________ may never be inverted.
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| | A) | numbers
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| | B) | biomass
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| | C) | carnivores
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| | D) | energy
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29 | |
The largest and most inclusive ecosystem is the lithosphere.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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30 | |
The physical place where an organism lives is its niche.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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31 | |
Age structure can indicate whether a population is increasing, stable, or declining. In general terms, a population with a very broad base would be expected to be stable.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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32 | |
Human populations have exhibited an exponential growth curve.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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33 | |
Density dependent factors are typically biotic and aid in maintaining a population near or at the carrying capacity.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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34 | |
Competitive relationships reduce the fitness of both partners, commensal relationships increase the fitness of both partners.
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| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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35 | |
The principle of niche overlap states that situations in which two organisms that share identical niches will eventually result in one species completely outcompeting the other species.
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| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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36 | |
Predator and prey populations typically cycle up and down. A classic example is that of the lynx and the hare, although recent scientific evidence indicates that this interaction may be more complicated than previously thought.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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37 | |
Organisms which are potentially prey often are camouflaged, and this is called crypsis.
|
| | A) | True
|
| | B) | False
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38 | |
Fleas and lice are ectoparasites; lampreys and tapeworms are both endoparasites.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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39 | |
When considering energy budgets, respiration only needs to be added to the energy requirements of animals, not plants.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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40 | |
Biogeochemical cycles refer to the exchanges between the living and abiotic components of various nutrients.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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41 | |
Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction where females give birth to clonal female offspring.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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42 | |
It would be expected that r would be greater for a human than a bacterium.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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43 | |
One negative aspect of commensal relationships may be seen if one of the members of the relationship becomes extinct; then the extant species may be negatively affected.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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44 | |
The key term associated with competition is a limited resource.
|
| | A) | True
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| | B) | False
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45 | |
A niche in ecological terms refers to organisms that share a common place in the environment, including their shared habitat and feeding habits.
|
| | A) | True
|
| | B) | False
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46 | |
If you find that a number of snakes are all venomous and share a similar coloration, you may guess that this is a form of mimicry.
|
| | A) | True
|
| | B) | False
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