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Anatomy and Physiology, 6/e

Rod Seeley, Idaho State University
Trent Stephens, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College

The Special Senses

Chapter Quiz


1	The threshold for the detection of odors is ___ and adaptation to odors occurs ____.
		A)	high, quickly
		B)	high, slowly
		C)	low, quickly
		D)	low, slowly


2	The axons of the olfactory neurons pass through the foramina of the _____ to synapse with mitral or tufted cells in the ____.
		A)	cribiform plate, olfactory tract
		B)	cribiform plate, olfactory bulb
		C)	nasal bone, olfactory tract
		D)	nasal bone, olfactory bulb


3	Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cells?
		A)	basal cells
		B)	mitral cells
		C)	olfactory hairs
		D)	tufted cells


4	Which of the following is NOT true of olfactory neurons?
		A)	The axons of the olfactory neurons combine to form the olfactory nerves.
		B)	The olfactory neurons synapse with cells in the olfactory bulb.
		C)	Olfactory neurons have receptors that react with odorants dissolved in fluid.
		D)	Olfactory neurons are uni-polar neurons.


5	Which region of the olfactory cortex is involved in conscious perception of smell?
		A)	intermediate olfactory area
		B)	lateral olfactory area
		C)	medial olfactory area
		D)	superior olfactory area


6	Which region of the olfactory cortex is connected to the limbic system?
		A)	intermediate olfactory area
		B)	lateral olfactory area
		C)	medial olfactory area
		D)	superior olfactory area


7	Which region of the olfactory cortex aids in modifying sensory information in the olfactory bulb?
		A)	intermediate olfactory area
		B)	lateral olfactory area
		C)	medial olfactory area
		D)	superior olfactory area


8	Where within the nasal cavity is the olfactory epithelium located?
		A)	Anterior and lateral portion of the nasal cavity.
		B)	Posterior and lateral portion of the nasal cavity.
		C)	Inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
		D)	Superior portion of the nasal cavity.


9	Which type of papillae have no taste buds associated with them?
		A)	circumvallate
		B)	filiform
		C)	foliate
		D)	fungiform


10	Which type of papillae have the most sensitive taste buds associated with them?
		A)	circumvallate
		B)	filiform
		C)	foliate
		D)	fungiform


11	How many primary tastes have been identified?
		A)	4
		B)	5
		C)	7
		D)	400


12	Which of the following cranial nerves does not transmit taste sensation?
		A)	Trigeminal (V) nerve
		B)	Facial (VII) nerve
		C)	Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
		D)	Vagus (X) nerve


13	Identify the location of the taste area of the cortex.
		A)	precentral gyrus
		B)	postcentral gyrus
		C)	thalamus
		D)	temporal lobe.


14	Which of the following primary tastes do not cause depolarization of the gustatory through a G protein mechanism?
		A)	bitter
		B)	sweet
		C)	salty
		D)	umami


15	Which of the following primary tastes do not require a substance to bind to a receptor on the gustatory hairs of taste cells?
		A)	salty
		B)	bitter
		C)	sweet
		D)	umami


16	Which of the following describe the relationship between olfaction and gustation?
		A)	Gustatory hairs can also detect odorants.
		B)	Olfactory hairs can also detect tastants.
		C)	Olfactory sensations provide information about a substance that may be thought of as taste.
		D)	There is no relationship between the olfactory and gustatory senses.


17	Which taste sensation is the most sensitive?
		A)	bitter
		B)	salty
		C)	sweet
		D)	umami


18	Which muscle closes the eyelid when it contracts?
		A)	inferior rectus
		B)	levator palpebrae superioris
		C)	orbicularis oculi
		D)	superior oblique


19	Which muscle raises the upper eyelid when it contracts?
		A)	levator palpebrae superioris
		B)	orbicularis oculi
		C)	superior oblique
		D)	superior rectus


20	Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is NOT controlled by the oculomotor nerve?
		A)	inferior oblique
		B)	inferior rectus
		C)	medial rectus
		D)	superior oblique


21	Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is controlled by the trochlear nerve?
		A)	inferior rectus
		B)	medial rectus
		C)	superior oblique
		D)	superior rectus


22	Identify the three layers of the eye in from the outer most layer to the inner most layer.
		A)	fibrous tunic, nervous tunic, vascular tunic
		B)	fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic
		C)	nervous tunic, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
		D)	vascular tunic, fibrous tunic, nervous tunic


23	What eye layer is referred to in the quote "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"?
		A)	conjunctiva
		B)	choroid
		C)	retina
		D)	sclera


24	The transparent anterior portion of the outer eye coat which allows light rays to enter the interior of the eye is the
		A)	conjunctiva
		B)	cornea
		C)	iris
		D)	sclera


25	The colored (blue, brown, green) portion of the eye, as seen in an anterior view, is which of the following?
		A)	choroid
		B)	ciliary body
		C)	cornea
		D)	iris


26	The watery fluid we call "tears" is secreted by
		A)	ceruminous glands
		B)	eccrine glands
		C)	lacrimal glands
		D)	tarsal glands


27	Aqueous humor is secreted by the __________; it flows out of the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber where it is reabsorbed at a ring-like blood vessel called the __________.
		A)	ciliary process; canal of Schlemm
		B)	ciliary process; eustachian tube
		C)	iris; canal of Schlemm
		D)	iris; eustachian tube


28	When intraocular pressure increases because aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is produced, __________ occurs, which can lead to blindness.
		A)	astigmatism
		B)	cataract
		C)	emmetropia
		D)	glaucoma


29	All of the following are part of the middle "vascular" tunic of the eye EXCEPT
		A)	choroid
		B)	ciliary body
		C)	iris
		D)	cornea


30	A sty is an inflammation of what type of gland associated with follicles of the eyelashes?
		A)	ciliary gland
		B)	meibomian gland
		C)	sebaceous gland
		D)	tarsal gland


31	After washing across the eyes, "tears" enter the nasal cavity through which of the following?
		A)	canals of Schlemm
		B)	collecting ducts
		C)	eustachian tubes
		D)	nasolacrimal ducts


32	Which of the following is NOT a function of the sclera?
		A)	It provides attachment points for muscles that move the eye.
		B)	It helps nourish the retina.
		C)	It helps maintain the shape of the eye.
		D)	It protects internal structures of the eye.


33	All of the following are intrinsic eye muscles EXCEPT the
		A)	ciliary muscles
		B)	dilator pupillae
		C)	sphincter pupillae
		D)	superior oblique


34	From superficial to deep, the three main cell layers of the sensory retina are
		A)	photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells
		B)	ganglion cells - bipolar cells - photoreceptors.
		C)	bipolar cells - ganglion cells - photoreceptors
		D)	photoreceptors - ganglion cells - bipolar cells


35	Clouding of the lens occurs in which of these eye disorders?
		A)	cataract
		B)	glaucoma
		C)	strabismus
		D)	trachoma


36	Which of the following is NOT true about the cornea?
		A)	It is the main place at which refraction of light occurs.
		B)	It is transparent.
		C)	It is nourished by the vitreous humor.
		D)	It is avascular.


37	Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina?
		A)	ganglion cells
		B)	photoreceptors
		C)	optic chiasma
		D)	optic disc


38	Which of the following statements about the lens is NOT true?
		A)	It is biconvex.
		B)	It is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments.
		C)	It helps to focus light on the retina.
		D)	It is covered by a highly elastic, transparent capsule.


39	At which of the following locations do blood vessels and nerves enter or exit the eye?
		A)	fovea centralis
		B)	optic chiasma
		C)	optic disc
		D)	ora serrata


40	All of the following are correctly paired EXCEPT
		A)	canal of Schlemm - aqueous humor
		B)	ciliary body - iris
		C)	retina - suspensory ligaments
		D)	vitreous humor - posterior compartment


41	Contraction of which of the following muscles is involved with changing the shape (thickening) of the lens?
		A)	ciliary muscles
		B)	circular muscles of the iris
		C)	orbicularis oculi
		D)	radial muscles of the iris


42	If the ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments __________ and the lens __________.
		A)	pull; flattens
		B)	relax; flattens
		C)	pull; thickens
		D)	relax; thickens


43	What happens when the ciliary muscles relax?
		A)	The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens flattens.
		B)	The suspensory ligaments relax and the lens flattens.
		C)	The suspensory ligaments pull and the lens thickens.
		D)	The suspensory ligaments relax and the lens thickens.


44	Which layer of the eye contains the photoreceptor cells?
		A)	choroid
		B)	ciliary body
		C)	retina
		D)	sclera


45	Which of the following is commonly called the "blind spot" of the eye because it lacks photoreceptor cells?
		A)	canal of Schlemm
		B)	fovea centralis
		C)	optic disc
		D)	pupil


46	An eye that is too long, or "oval," results in poor distance vision, a disorder called nearsightedness or
		A)	astigmatism.
		B)	hyperopia.
		C)	myopia.
		D)	presbyopia.


47	When light strikes the visual pigment rhodopsin is activated which then activates _____ thus resulting in the ____ of the rod cells.
		A)	opsin, depolarization
		B)	opsin, hyperpolarization
		C)	transducin, depolarization
		D)	transducin, hyperpolarization


48	Which of the following is NOT true about cones compared to rods?
		A)	Cones produce color images rods do not.
		B)	Cones contain the substance rhodopsin.
		C)	Cones are less sensitive to light.
		D)	Cones produce sharp, clear images.


49	Which of the following is NOT true about rods compared to cones?
		A)	Rods produce black and white but not color images.
		B)	Rods are most numerous in the fovea.
		C)	Rods contain rhodopsin.
		D)	Rods produce general outlines of objects rather than sharp images.


50	Which of the following statements about nerve fibers of the optic nerves is true?
		A)	The nasal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm.
		B)	The temporal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm.
		C)	The nasal fibers from the left and the temporal fibers from the right retina crossover at the optic chiasm.
		D)	The nasal fibers from the right and the temporal fibers from the left retina crossover at the optic chiasm.


51	Which of the following is the location in the retina at which the sharpest images are produced?
		A)	fovea centralis
		B)	optic chiasm
		C)	optic disc
		D)	ora serrata


52	Image formation depends on refraction, the bending of light. At which location does the greatest amount of refraction occur?
		A)	aqueous humor
		B)	cornea
		C)	lens
		D)	vitreous humor


53	Which of the following is the main factor affecting the depth of focus?
		A)	accommodation of the lens
		B)	constriction of the pupil
		C)	convergence of the eyes
		D)	refraction of light rays


54	The only retinal cells that produce action potentials are the
		A)	bipolar cells.
		B)	ganglion cells.
		C)	photoreceptor cells.
		D)	pigmented epithelium.


55	In the dark the inward diffusion of __________ causes rod cells to partially depolarize and to release the neurotransmitter __________ from their synaptic ends to inhibit or stimulate rod cells.
		A)	K⁺; acetylcholine
		B)	K⁺; glutamate
		C)	Na⁺; acetylcholine
		D)	Na⁺; glutamate


56	When rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, __________ is converted to __________ and dissociates from opsin which triggers reactions leading to the closure of __________ channels in the outer segments of rod cells.
		A)	cis-retinal; trans-retinal; K⁺
		B)	cis-retinal;trans-retinal; Na⁺
		C)	trans-retinal; cis-retinal; K⁺
		D)	trans-retinal; cis-retinal; Na⁺


57	Which of the following pairs of structures are involved in regulating the amount of light that enters the eyes?
		A)	ciliary bodies and suspensory ligaments
		B)	ciliary bodies and eyelids
		C)	ciliary bodies and irises
		D)	iris and eyelids


58	Photoreceptors in the human eye are capable of detecting and responding to wavelengths in which of the following ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum?
		A)	0 – 125nm
		B)	400 – 700nm
		C)	20 – 20,000nm
		D)	1,000 – 10,000nm


59	All of the following are important in bringing an image to focus on the retina when viewing an object close to the eye EXCEPT
		A)	accommodation of the lenses
		B)	constriction of the pupils
		C)	flattening of the lenses
		D)	convergence of the eyes


60	Axons of which of the following type of cells exit the eye in the optic nerve?
		A)	rods
		B)	bipolar
		C)	ganglion
		D)	cones


61	As you view your right index finger moving toward the tip of your nose, all of the following occur EXCEPT
		A)	the lenses thicken
		B)	ciliary muscles relax
		C)	the eyes rotate medially
		D)	the diameter of the pupils decreases


62	Which of the following is a possible explanation for a person losing all vision in their left eye?
		A)	damage to the left occipital lobe
		B)	damage to the left lateral geniculate nucleus
		C)	damage to the left optic nerve
		D)	a lesion in the left optic tract


63	Identify the labeled structure in the diagram.
		A)	aqueous humor
		B)	choroid coat
		C)	retina
		D)	vitreous humor


64	Identify the labeled structure in the diagram.
		A)	optic chiasm
		B)	optic nerve
		C)	optic tract
		D)	retina


65	Identify the labeled structure in the diagram.
		A)	conjunctiva
		B)	cornea
		C)	pupil
		D)	lens


66	Identify the labeled structure in the diagram.
		A)	choroid coat
		B)	ciliary body
		C)	suspensory ligaments
		D)	pupil


67	Identify the labeled structure in the diagram.
		A)	conjunctiva
		B)	retina
		C)	sclera
		D)	vitreous humor


68	Which of the following is the passageway between the middle ear and the pharynx?
		A)	eustachian tube
		B)	external auditory meatus
		C)	oval window
		D)	semi-circular canals


69	Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
		A)	anvil
		B)	incas
		C)	malleus
		D)	stapes


70	Which auditory ossicle causes the oval window to move in and out, setting fluid in the inner ear in motion?
		A)	incas
		B)	malleus
		C)	stapes
		D)	stapedius


71	What fluid is located between the bony and membranous labyrinths within the inner ear?
		A)	aqueous humor
		B)	endolymph
		C)	perilymph
		D)	vitreous humor


72	The receptor cells for hearing are located on the upper surface of what membrane?
		A)	basilar membrane
		B)	tectorial membrane
		C)	tympanic membrane
		D)	vestibular membrane


73	Which of the following is located within the vestibule of the ear?
		A)	crista ampullaris
		B)	helicotrema
		C)	macula
		D)	organ of Corti


74	Fluid in the scala vestibuli communicates with fluid in the scala tympani by way of the
		A)	canal of Schlemm
		B)	eustachian tube
		C)	helicotrema
		D)	round window


75	All of the following are part of the cochlea EXCEPT
		A)	cochlear duct
		B)	scala tympani
		C)	scala vestibuli
		D)	utricle


76	The name for one of the structures involved in detecting a change in the position of the head with respect to gravity or static equilibrium is
		A)	ampulla.
		B)	crista ampullaris.
		C)	helicotrema.
		D)	macula.


77	Each ampulla of a semicircular canal contains a(n) ________, which is involved in sensing movement of the head or dynamic equilibrium.
		A)	crista ampullaris
		B)	helicotrema
		C)	macula
		D)	organ of Corti


78	The receptor cells for hearing, hair cells, are located within the
		A)	macula
		B)	organ of Corti
		C)	utricle
		D)	vestibule


79	Otoliths are crystals of __________ associated with the __________.
		A)	calcium carbonate; crista ampullaris
		B)	calcium carbonate; macula
		C)	calcium phosphate; crista ampullaris
		D)	calcium phosphate; macula


80	Which of the following would NOT be part of the nerve pathway involved in conducting sensory impulses to the auditory cortex?
		A)	medulla oblongata
		B)	midbrain
		C)	spinal cord
		D)	thalamus


81	The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the __________ lobe from the __________ nerve.
		A)	occipital; trochlear
		B)	occipital ; vestibulocochlear
		C)	temporal; trochlear
		D)	temporal; vestibulocochlear


82	What is the name of the short tube that conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane?
		A)	external auditory meatus
		B)	auditory tube
		C)	canal of Schlemm
		D)	eustachian tube


83	Movement of the _______ membrane causes hair cell microvilli to bend back and forth.
		A)	basilar
		B)	tectorial
		C)	tympanic
		D)	vestibular


84	Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result is some loss of
		A)	hearing and balance
		B)	hearing and taste
		C)	smell
		D)	taste


85	Identify the correct order in which vibrations travel through the auditory ossicles.
		A)	incus, malleus, stapes
		B)	stapes, malleus, incus
		C)	malleus, incus, stapes
		D)	stapes, incus, malleus


86	Identify the primary function of the structure labeled in the diagram.
		A)	hearing
		B)	movement of the head
		C)	position of the head
		D)	vision


87	Identify the primary function of the structure labeled in the diagram.
		A)	hearing
		B)	movement of the head
		C)	position of the head
		D)	vision


88	Identify the primary function of the structure labeled in the diagram.
		A)	hearing
		B)	movement of the head
		C)	position of the head
		D)	vision

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