Lester M. Sdorow,
Arcadia University
Cheryl A. Rickabaugh,
University of Redlands
| anal stage | In Freud's theory, the stage of personality development, between ages 1 and 3, during which the child gains pleasure from defecation and faces a conflict over toilet training.
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| archetypes | In Jung's theory, inherited images that are passed down from our prehistoric ancestors and that reveal themselves as universal symbols in art, dreams, and religion.
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| collective efficacy | People's perception that with collaborative effort the group will obtain its desired outcome.
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| collective unconscious | In Jung's theory, the unconscious mind that is shared by all human beings and that contains archetypal images passed down from our prehistoric ancestors.
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| defense mechanism | In Freud's theory, a process that distorts reality to prevent the individual from being overwhelmed by anxiety.
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| displacement | In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism that involves expressing feelings toward a person who is less threatening than the person who is the true target of those feelings.
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| ego | In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that helps the individual adapt to external reality by making compromises between the id, the superego, and the environment.
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| Electra complex | A term used by some psychoanalysts, but not by Freud, to refer to the Oedipus complex in girls.
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| extravert | A person who is socially outgoing and prefers to pay attention to the external environment.
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| fixation | In Freud's theory, the failure to mature beyond a particular stage of psychosexual development.
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| genital stage | In Freud's theory, the last stage of personality development, associated with puberty, during which the individual develops erotic attachments to others.
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| id | In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that contains inborn biological drives and that seeks immediate gratification.
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| introvert | A person who is socially reserved and prefers to pay attention to his or her private mental experiences.
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| latency stage | In Freud's theory, the stage, between age 5 and puberty, during which there is little psychosexual development.
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| libido | Freud's term for the sexual energy of the id.
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| Oedipus complex | In Freud's theory, a conflict, during the phallic stage, between the child's sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and fear of punishment from the same-sex parent.
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| oral stage | In Freud's theory, the stage of personality development, between birth and age 1 year, during which the infant gains pleasure from oral activities and faces a conflict over weaning.
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| personality | An individual's unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
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| personal unconscious | In Jung's theory, the individual's own unconscious mind, which contains repressed memories.
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| phallic stage | In Freud's theory, the stage of personality development, between ages 3 and 5, during which the child gains pleasure from the genitals and must resolve the Oedipus complex.
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| pleasure principle | The process by which the id seeks immediate gratification of its impulses.
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| projection | In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own undesirable feelings to other people.
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| projective test | A Freudian personality test based on the assumption that individuals project their unconscious feelings when responding to ambiguous stimuli.
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| rationalization | Giving socially acceptable reasons for one's inappropriate behavior.
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| reaction formation | In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism that involves a tendency to act in a manner opposite to one's true feelings.
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| reality principle | The process by which the ego directs the individual to express sexual and aggressive impulses in socially acceptable ways.
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| reciprocal determinism | Bandura's belief that personality traits, environmental factors, and overt behavior affect each other.
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| regression | In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism that involves reverting to immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past.
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| repression | In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism that involves banishing threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind.
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| schema | A cognitive structure that guides people's perception and information processing that incorporates the characteristics of particular persons, objects, events, procedures, or situations.
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| self-actualization | In Maslow's theory, the individual's predisposition to try to fulfill her or his potentials.
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| self-efficacy | In Bandura's theory, a person's belief that she or he can perform behaviors that are necessary to bring about a desired outcome.
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| sublimation | In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism that involves expressing sexual or aggressive impulses through indirect, socially acceptable outlets.
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| superego | In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that acts as a moral guide telling us what we should and should not do.
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| temperament | A person's characteristic emotional state, first apparent in early infancy and possibly inborn.
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| trait | A relatively enduring, cross-situationally consistent personality characteristic that is inferred from a person's behavior.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education