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Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 4/e

Yunus A. Çengel, University of Nevada, Reno
Michael A. Boles, North Carolina State University

Chapter One: Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
1-1	Thermodynamics and Energy
1-2	A Note on Dimensions and Units
1-3	Closed and Open Systems
1-4	Properties of a System
1-5	State and Equilibrium
1-6	Processes and Cycles
1-7	Forms of Energy
1-8	Energy and Environment
1-9	Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1-10	Pressure
1-11	The Manometer
1-12	Barometer and the Atmospheric Pressure
1-13	Problem Solving Technique
	Topics Of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems
	Summary
	References and Suggested Readings
	Problems

Chapter Two: Properties of Pure Substances
2-1	Pure Substance
2-2	Phases of a Pure Substance
2-3	Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
2-4	Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
2-5	Property Tables
2-6	The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
2-7	Compressibility Factor
2-8	Other Equations of State
2-9	Specific Heats
2-10	Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
2-11	Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats Of Solids and Liquids
	Topics Of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure And Phase Equilibrium
	Summary References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Three: Energy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
3-1	Heat Transfer
3-2	Energy Transfer by Work
3-3	Mechanical Forms of Work
3-4	Nonmechanical Forms of Work
3-5	Conservation of Mass Principle
3-6	Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
	Topics Of Special Interest: Modes Of Heat Transfer
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Four: The First Law of Thermodynamics
4-1	The First Law of Thermodynamics
4-2	Energy Balance for Closed Systems
4-3	Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
4-4	Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
4-5	Energy Balance for Unsteady-Flow Processes
	Topics Of Special Interest: Refrigeration And Freezing Of Foods
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Five: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
5-1	Introduction to the Second Law
5-2	Thermal Energy Reservoirs
5-3	Heat Engines
5-4	Energy Conversion Efficiencies
5-5	Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
5-6	Perpetual-Motion Machines
5-7	Reversible and Irreversible Processes
5-8	The Carnot Cycle
5-9	The Carnot Principles
5-10	The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
5-11	The Carnot Heat Engine
5-12	The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
	Topics Of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Six: Entropy
6-1	Entropy
6-2	The Increase of Entropy Principle
6-3	Entropy Change of Pure Substances
6-4	Isentropic Processes
6-5	Property Diagrams Involving Entropy
6-6	What is Entropy?
6-7	The T ds Relations
6-8	Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
6-9	The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
6-10	Reversible Steady-Flow Work
6-11	Minimizing the Compressor Work
6-12	Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices
6-13	Entropy Balance
	Topics Of Special Interest: Reducing The Cost Of Compressed Air
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Seven: Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential
7-1	Exergy: Work Potential of Energy
7-2	Reversible Work and Irreversibility
7-3	Second-Law Efficiency
7-4	Exergy Change of a System
7-5	Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
7-6	The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction
7-7	Exergy Balance: Closed Systems
7-8	Exergy Balance: Control Volumes
	Topics Of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects Of Daily Life
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Eight: Gas Power Cycles
8-1	Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles
8-2	The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering
8-3	Air-Standard Assumptions
8-4	An Overview of Reciprocating Engines
8-5	Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
8-6	Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines
8-7	Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
8-8	Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
8-9	The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
8-10	The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, And Regeneration
8-11	Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles
8-12	Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles
	Topics Of Special Interest: Saving Fuel And Money By Driving Sensibly
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Nine: Vapor and Combines Power Cycles
9-1	The Carnot Vapor Cycle
9-2	Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles
9-3	Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles From Idealized Ones
9-4	How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?
9-5	The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
9-6	The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
9-7	Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles
9-8	Cogeneration
9-9	Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycles
	Topics Of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Ten: Refrigeration Cycles
10-1	Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
10-2	The Reversed Carnot Cycle
10-3	The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
10-4	Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles
10-5	Selecting the Right Refrigerant
10-6	Heat Pump Systems
10-7	Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems
10-8	Gas Refrigeration Cycles
10-9	Absorption Refrigeration Systems
	Topics Of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation And Refrigerator Systems
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Eleven: Thermodynamic Property Relations
11-1	A Little Math - Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations
11-2	The Maxwell Relations
11-3	The Clapeyron Equation
11-4	General Relations for du, dh, ds, Cv, and Cp
11-5	The Joule-Thomson Coefficient
11-6	The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Twelve: Gas Mixtures
12-1	Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions
12-2	P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
12-3	Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
	Topics Of Special Interest: Chemical Potential And The Seperation Work Of Mixtures
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Thirteen: Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning Ê
13-1	Dry and Atmospheric Air
13-2	Specific and Relative Humidity of Air
13-3	Dew-Point Temperature
13-4	Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
13-5	The Psychrometric Chart
13-6	Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning
13-7	Air-Conditioning Processes
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Fourteen: Chemical Reactions
14-1	Fuels and Combustion
14-2	Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes
14-3	Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion
14-4	First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
14-5	Adiabatic Flame Temperature
14-6	Entropy Change of Reacting Systems
14-7	Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
	Topics Of Special Interest: Fuel Cells
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Fifteen: Chemical and Phase Equilibrium
15-1	Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium
15-2	The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures
15-3	Some Remarks about the Kp of Ideal-GasMixtures
15-4	Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions
15-5	Variation of Kp with Temperature
15-6	Phase Equilibrium
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Chapter Sixteen: Thermodynamics of High-Speed Gas Flow
16-1	Stagnation Properties
16-2	Velocity of Sound and Mach Number
16-3	One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
16-4	Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
16-5	Normal Shocks in Nozzle Flow
16-6	Flow Through Actual Nozzles and Diffusers
16-7	Steam Nozzles
	Summary
	References and Suggested Reading
	Problems

Appendix One: Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)
Table A-1	Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties
Table A-2	Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Various Common Gases
Table A-3	Properties of Common Liquids, Solids, and Foods
Table A-4	Saturated Water - Temperature Table
Table A-5	Saturated Water - Pressure Table
Table A-6	Superheated Water
Table A-7	Compressed Liquid Water
Table A-8	Saturated Ice - Water Vapor
Figure A-9	T-s Diagram For Water
Figure A-10	Mollier Diagram for Water
Table A-11	Saturated Refrigerant - 134a - Temperature Table
Table A-12	Saturated Refrigerant - 134a - Pressure Table
Table A-13	Superheated Refrigerant - 134a
Figure A-14	P-h Diagram for Refrigerant - 134a
Table A-15	One-Dimensional Isentropic Compressible-Flow Functions For an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats and Molar Mass, and k = 1.4
Table A-16	One-Dimensional Normal-Shock Functions For An Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats and Molar Mass, and k = 1.4
Table A-17	Ideal-Gas Properties of Air
Table A-18	Ideal-Gas Properties of Nitrogen, N₂
Table A-19	Ideal-Gas Properties of Oxygen, O₂
Table A-20	Ideal-Gas Properties of Carbon Dioxide, CO₂
Table A-21	Ideal-Gas Properties of Carbon Monoxide, CO
Table A-22	Ideal-Gas Properties of Hydrogen, H₂
Table A-23	Ideal-Gas Properties of Water Vapor, H₂0
Table A-24	Ideal-Gas Properties of Monatomic Oxygen, O
Table A-25	Ideal-Gas Properties of Hydroxyl, OH
Table A-26	Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Function of Formation, and Absolute Entropy at 25C, 1 atm
Table A-27	Properties of Some Common Fuels and Hydrocarbons
Table A-28	Logarithms to Base e of the Equilibrium Constant Kp
Table A-29	Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude
Figure A-30a	Nelson-Obert Generalized Compressibility Chart - Low pressures
Figure A-30b	Nelson-Obert Generalized Compressibility Chart - Intermediate Pressures
Figure A-30c	Nelson-Obert Generalized Compressibility Chart - High Pressures
Figure A-31	Generalized Enthalpy Departure Chart
Figure A-32	Generalized Entropy Departure Chart
Figure A-33	Psychrometric Chart at 1 atm Total Pressure

Appendix Two: Property Tables and Charts (English Units)
Table A-1	EMolar Mass, Gas Constant, and Critical-Point Properties
Table A-2	EIdeal-Gas Specific Heats of Various Common Gases
Table A-3	EProperties of Common Liquids, Solids and Foods
Table A-4	ESaturated Water - Temperature Table
Table A-5	ESaturated Water - Pressure Table
Table A-6	ESuperheated Water
Table A-7	ECompressed Liquid Water
Table A-8	ESaturated Ice - Water Vapor
Figure A-9	E T-s Diagram for Water
Figure A-10	EMollier Diagram for Water
Table A-11	ESaturated Refrigerant - 134a - Temperature Table
Table A-12	ESaturated Refrigerant - 134a - Pressure Table
Table A-13	ESuperheated Refrigerant - 134a
Figure A-14	E P-h Diagram for Refrigerant
Table A-17	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Air
Table A-18	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Nitrogen, N₂
Table A-19	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Oxygen, O₂
Table A-20	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Carbon Dioxide, CO₂
Table A-21	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Carbon Monoxide, CO
Table A-22	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Hydrogen, H₂
Table A-23	EIdeal-Gas Properties of Water Vapor, H₂O
Table A-26	EEnthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Function of Formation, and Absolute Entropy
Table A-27	EProperties of Some Common Fuels and Hydrocarbons
Table A-28E
Table A-29E	Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude
Table A-30E
Table A-31E
Table A-32E
Table A-33E	Psychrometric Chart at 1 atm Total Pressure

Appendix Three: Introduction to EES
	Overview
	Background Information
	A Thermodynamics Example Problem
	Loading a Textbook File

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