 |
1 | |
An ecosystem is: |
|
| | A) | all the populations of organisms coexisting in an area |
| | B) | all living organisms on earth |
| | C) | all the organisms in an area, interacting with the physical environment |
| | D) | a habitat |
|
2 | |
Which of the following is a true statement about ecosystem management? |
|
| | A) | There is no single, universally accepted definition of ecosystem management. |
| | B) | The legal mandate for ecosystem management is provided by the Ecosystem Protection Act. |
| | C) | Ecosystem management dates back to the eighteenth century. |
| | D) | Ecosystem management adopts a short-term approach to conservation, with a planning timeline of less than a year. |
|
3 | |
Ecosystem management and resource management differ in all the following ways except: |
|
| | A) | Resource management values beneficial use, whereas ecosystem management values continuing function. |
| | B) | The goal of resource management is sustainability of ecosystem processes, whereas ecosystem management adopts a goal of production and use of commodities. |
| | C) | The unit of resource management is a species or abiotic factor; the units of ecosystem management are landscape elements. |
| | D) | Resource management decision making occurs in a single government agency, but multiple agencies and private stakeholders are involved in ecosystem management decisions. |
|
4 | |
The _________ of 1994 provided legal protection for an ecosystem. |
|
| | A) | National Grassland Protection Act |
| | B) | National Forest Management Act |
| | C) | National Environmental Policy Act |
| | D) | California Desert Protection Act |
|
5 | |
Which of the following is required for ecosystem management to be experimental? |
|
| | A) | relatively undisturbed areas for controls |
| | B) | baseline data on ecosystem processes and components |
| | C) | manipulation of ecosystems |
| | D) | All of the above are required for an experimental approach to management. |
|
6 | |
What technology facilitates the acquisition of long-term, regularly collected data? |
|
| | A) | population viability analysis |
| | B) | remote sensing |
| | C) | gap analysis |
| | D) | analysis of pollen grains |
|
7 | |
All of the following are functions of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) except: |
|
| | A) | making ethical judgments to decide among management alternatives |
| | B) | generating overlay maps to show simultaneous occurrence of variables |
| | C) | statistically analyzing geographic information |
| | D) | creating data management systems for spatial data |
|
8 | |
______ is an ecological process that increases establishment of early successional plants, habitat heterogeneity, and biodiversity. |
|
| | A) | Water flow |
| | B) | Fire |
| | C) | Herbivory |
| | D) | Predation |
|
9 | |
Which of the following is a true statement about flooding? |
|
| | A) | Flooding lowers long-term, total biomass production. |
| | B) | Flooding increases habitat heterogeneity. |
| | C) | Flooding reduces woody biomass (downed trees, limbs, brush) in streams. |
| | D) | Flooding reduces the quantity of spawning and refuge areas for fish. |
|
10 | |
Moose can reduce the number of canopy trees in a forest and generate a substantial understory of shrubs and herbs. These effects occur via: |
|
| | A) | browsing |
| | B) | grazing |
| | C) | trampling |
| | D) | digging |
|
11 | |
Adaptive management is a tool for: |
|
| | A) | formalizing policies and research priorities so that they cannot be changed |
| | B) | eliminating uncertainty through rigorous experimentation |
| | C) | managing uncertainty in data interpretation and knowledge of ecosystems |
| | D) | minimizing the number of participants in management decisions |
|
12 | |
Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of an ecological model? |
|
| | A) | corridors |
| | B) | stocks |
| | C) | sources |
| | D) | connectors |
|
13 | |
Why is political delineation of ecosystems a problem for implementing ecosystem management? |
|
| | A) | Management agencies do not have jurisdiction over political units. |
| | B) | Political boundaries are too vague to be useful in defining ecosystems. |
| | C) | Political boundaries often bear little relation to functional boundaries of real ecosystems. |
| | D) | Political units are too large to be managed effectively. |
|
14 | |
Why must ecosystem management involve interaction between interagency groups and the public? |
|
| | A) | Agency scientists must educate the public about management decisions made by the agencies. |
| | B) | Public involvement in decision making generates public support for management policies. |
| | C) | The National Ecosystems Act requires such interaction. |
| | D) | Managers must inform the public of agency goals for ecosystems under their jurisdiction. |
|
15 | |
The case of the northern spotted owl illustrates all of the following except: |
|
| | A) | the transition from managing small habitat units to managing an ecosystem |
| | B) | the role of judicial review in forcing interagency cooperation |
| | C) | the involvement of state and federal agencies, as well as nongovernmental organizations, in management decision making |
| | D) | the ability of ecosystem management to produce unanimous public support of management decisions |
|
16 | |
List four ecosystem processes, or services, from which humans benefit. |
|
| | |
|
17 | |
Name the four kinds of long-term data available for ecosystems. |
|
| | |
|
18 | |
List three characteristics of ecosystem management. |
|
| | |
2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education