Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter students should be able to:

Identify the factors that relate to low voter turnout in U.S. elections.

Discuss how the U.S. compares with other nations in voter turnout.

Distinguish between prospective and retrospective voting.

Identify what factors account for differences in voter turnout among groups in American elections.

Identify conventional ways of engaging in political activity other than voting.

Identify what unconventional political participation is and how it has impacted public policy.

Describe how American individualism and class bias affect participation.

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