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Glossary
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Below you will find key words and concepts that you should remember from this chapter.
angle of dip  A vertical angle measured downward from the horizontal plane to an inclined plane.
(See page(s) 359)
anticline  An arched fold in which the rock layers usually dip away from the axis of the fold.
(See page(s) 361)
axial plane  A plane containing all of the hinge lines of a fold.
(See page(s) 361)
brittle  Cracking or rupturing of a body under stress.
(See page(s) 357)
compressive stress  A stress due to a force pushing together on a body.
(See page(s) 357)
dip-slip fault  A fault in which movement is parallel to the dip of the fault surface.
(See page(s) 367)
direction of dip  The compass direction in which the angle of dip is measured.
(See page(s) 359)
ductile  Capable of being molded and bent under stress.
(See page(s) 357)
elastic limit  The maximum amount of stress that can be applied to a body before it deforms in a permanent way by bending or breaking.
(See page(s) 357)
elastic limit  The maximum amount of stress that can be applied to a body before it deforms in a permanent way by bending or breaking.
(See page(s) 357)
fault  A fracture in bedrock along which movement has taken place.
(See page(s) 358)
fold  Bend in layered bedrock.
(See page(s) 361)
footwall  The underlying surface of an inclined fault plane.
(See page(s) 361)
geologic cross section  A representation of a portion of Earth in a vertical plane.
(See page(s) 360)
geologic map  A map representing the geology of a given area.
(See page(s) 359)
hanging wall  The overlying surface of an inclined fault plane.
(See page(s) 367)
hinge line  Line about which a fold appears to be hinged. Line of maximum curvature of a folded surface.
(See page(s) 361)
isoclinal fold  A fold in which the limbs are parallel to one another.
(See page(s) 364)
joint  A fracture or crack in bedrock along which essentially no displacement has occurred.
(See page(s) 365)
joint set  Joints oriented in one direction approximately parallel to one another.
(See page(s) 365)
left-lateral fault  A strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the fault appears displaced to the left.
(See page(s) 372)
limb  Portion of a fold shared by an anticline and a syncline.
(See page(s) 361)
normal fault  A fault in which the hanging-wall block moved down relative to the footwall block.
(See page(s) 367)
oblique-slip fault  A fault with both strike-slip and dip-slip components.
(See page(s) 367)
open fold  A fold with gently dipping limbs.
(See page(s) 362)
overturned fold  A fold in which both limbs dip in the same direction.
(See page(s) 364)
plunging fold  A fold in which the hinge line (or axis) is not horizontal.
(See page(s) 362)
recumbent fold  A fold overturned to such an extent that the limbs are essentially horizontal.
(See page(s) 364)
reservoir rock  A rock that is sufficiently porous and permeable to store and transmit petroleum.
(See page(s) 371)
reverse fault  A fault in which the hanging-wall block moved up relative to the footwall block.
(See page(s) 368)
right-lateral fault  A strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the fault appears displaced to the right.
(See page(s) 372)
shear stress  Stress due to forces that tend to cause movement or strain parallel to the direction of the forces.
(See page(s) 357)
source rock  A rock containing organic matter that is converted to petroleum by burial and other postdepositional changes.
(See page(s) 370)
strain  Change in size (volume) or shape of a body (or rock unit) in response to stress.
(See page(s) 356)
stress  A force acting on a body, or rock unit, that tends to change the size or shape of that body, or rock unit. Force per unit area within a body.
(See page(s) 356)
strike  The compass direction of a line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane (such as a bedding plane) with a horizontal plane.
(See page(s) 359)
strike-slip fault  A fault in which movement is parallel to the strike of the fault surface.
(See page(s) 372)
structural basin  A structure in which the beds dip toward a central point.
(See page(s) 362)
structural dome  A structure in which beds dip away from a central point.
(See page(s) 362)
structural geology  The branch of geology concerned with the internal structure of bedrock and the shapes, arrangement, and interrelationships of rock units.
(See page(s) 356)
syncline  A fold in which the layered rock usually dips toward an axis.
(See page(s) 361)
tensional stress  A stress due to a force pulling away on a body.
(See page(s) 357)
thrust fault  A reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane is at a low angle to horizontal.
(See page(s) 368)







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