 |
1 | |
A group with which we identify and to which we belong is called a(n): |
| | A) | in-group. |
| | B) | reference group. |
| | C) | secondary group. |
| | D) | relationship. |
|
|
2 | |
Which of the following statements accurately describes the importance of groups in social life? |
| | A) | The social support and feedback of others hinders us as we try to confront difficulties. |
| | B) | Accidents, alcoholism, psychiatric disorders, tuberculosis, and even death rates are higher among people who live with more than seven others in a group living situation. |
| | C) | The most effective strategy for undergraduate success is to abstain from group interaction, because it slows down one's individual learning process. |
| | D) | Support groups have been found to add an average of 18 months to the lives of women in advanced stages of cancer. |
|
|
3 | |
Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. This is a(n): |
| | A) | anticipatory bond. |
| | B) | expressive tie. |
| | C) | family tie. |
| | D) | instrumental bond. |
|
|
4 | |
Which of the following is NOT a function of a primary group? |
| | A) | socialization |
| | B) | meeting important personal needs |
| | C) | social control |
| | D) | accomplishing a specific, practical purpose |
|
|
5 | |
In-groups and out-groups: |
| | A) | can be thought of as "we-groups" and "they-groups," respectively. |
| | B) | highlight the importance of family ties. |
| | C) | are almost always based on territory (e.g., a neighborhood or nation-state). |
| | D) | are easily bridged by those who wish to share the other group's identity. |
|
|
6 | |
Which of the following statements is true of reference groups? |
| | A) | They are membership groups. |
| | B) | They provide comparative, but not normative, functions. |
| | C) | Those which do not match membership groups may create feelings of relative deprivation. |
| | D) | They are groups to which we refer in our conversations. |
|
|
7 | |
What is the optimum group size for problem solving? |
| | A) | two |
| | B) | three |
| | C) | four |
| | D) | five |
|
|
8 | |
Paul's mother was in charge of planning the route and making the hotel reservations for a family car trip. During the drive, Paul's father would crack jokes, challenge others to license plate games, and take occasional detours to see interesting sites and get ice cream treats. Which role did Paul's father play? |
| | A) | task specialist |
| | B) | authoritarian leader |
| | C) | social-emotional specialist |
| | D) | none of the above |
|
|
9 | |
When individuals work in groups, they: |
| | A) | work harder than when they work alone. |
| | B) | may engage in social loafing. |
| | C) | feel they must work harder to prove their value to the group. |
| | D) | may engage in intergroup relativism. |
|
|
10 | |
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for groupthink to emerge? |
| | A) | Members demand conformity and apply pressure to those who express doubts about a proposed course of action. |
| | B) | Members withhold dissent and exercise self-censorship. |
| | C) | Members share an illusion of invulnerability. |
| | D) | Members share a common socioeconomic background. |
|
|
11 | |
The Prisoner's Dilemma Game simulates a situation in which: |
| | A) | both partners can benefit if each plays competitively. |
| | B) | both partners can benefit if each plays cooperatively. |
| | C) | you are more likely to employ a cooperative strategy if your partner exhibits cooperation early and consistently. |
| | D) | neither you nor your partner can win. |
|
|
12 | |
Evidence from Sherif's study using optical illusion, Asch's study using matching line length, and Milgram's study of obedience indicates that: |
| | A) | people are more independent in group settings than when they are alone. |
| | B) | individuals will conform to the group, except when they are presented with contradictory evidence. |
| | C) | individuals will rebel against total dependence on a group. |
| | D) | the pressure to conform is very powerful in social settings. |
|
|
13 | |
Groups deliberately created for the achievement of specific objectives are called: |
| | A) | bureaucracies. |
| | B) | formal organizations. |
| | C) | informal organizations. |
| | D) | task hierarchies. |
|
|
14 | |
What is the term for associations that members enter and leave freely (e.g., the PTA)? |
| | A) | coercive organizations |
| | B) | total institutions |
| | C) | utilitarian organizations |
| | D) | voluntary organizations |
|
|
15 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy? |
| | A) | clear-cut division of labor |
| | B) | pyramidal hierarchy of authority |
| | C) | qualifications based on "whom you know" |
| | D) | written record of decisions, rules, procedures, and activities |
|
|
16 | |
The application of rules and regulations in an unimaginative and mechanical fashion refers to: |
| | A) | the iron law of oligarchy. |
| | B) | Parkinson's law. |
| | C) | the Peter principle. |
| | D) | trained incapacity. |
|
|
17 | |
Informal organization: |
| | A) | consists of the interpersonal networks that arise in a formal organization. |
| | B) | is defined and prescribed by the formal organization. |
| | C) | develops because rules are too specific to provide workable solutions for general situations. |
| | D) | increases the hassle of "red tape." |
|
|
18 | |
Conflict theorists contend that: |
| | A) | organizational goals reflect the priorities of those who occupy the top positions. |
| | B) | bureaucracies are arenas for cooperation in which the dominant social values of justice and equality take precedence. |
| | C) | factories are organized and operate independently of market pressures. |
| | D) | bureaucracies result from the centralizing tendencies of socialism and help to redistribute wealth and power. |
|
|
19 | |
A synthesis of the conflict, interactionist, and ethnomethodological perspectives: |
| | A) | has been used to argue that the notion of rationality explains the true nature of organizational life. |
| | B) | has been used in the case of the New York City Sanitation Department, when it is said that picking up the garbage is not the goal of the organization, but a loose constraint under which the organization operates. |
| | C) | has been applied to aerospace companies to suggest that they need to provide generous pension plans so that employees are motivated to produce missiles and planes. |
| | D) | is impossible in that these perspectives are mutually exclusive. |
|
|
20 | |
Over all, new management strategies over the past decade have emphasized all of the following except: |
| | A) | less hierarchy and less authoritarianism. |
| | B) | more worker participation in decision making. |
| | C) | self-managed teams. |
| | D) | larger work groups. |
|
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education