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Human Development Across the Lifespan Cover Image
Human Development Across the Lifespan, 5/e
John S. Dacey, Boston College
John F. Travers, Boston College
Infancy
Psychosocial Development in Infancy

Outline

I. The meaning of relationships
    A. How children develop relationships
      1. Three motives
        a. Bodily needs
        b. Psychological needs
        c. Adult response needs
      2. The developmental sequence
        a. The origin and development of relationships
          (1) First three weeks: attachment not apparent
          (2) Fourth week: infants direct actions at adults
          (3) Second month: smiling and vocalizations, greater responsiveness
          (4) Third month: demonstrated need for social interactions
      3. Characteristics of the developing relationship
        a. Synchrony
        b. Symmetry
        c. Entrainment
        d. Autonomy
    B. The role of reciprocal interactions
      1. Quality establishes the nature of relationships
    C. Parental roles: Expectations for a relationship
      1. Ghosts in the nursery
II. Attachment
    A. Bowlby's work
      1. An ethological approach
      2. Background of attachment theory
        a. Predictable sequence of behaviors when child experiences separation from mother
          (1) Protest
          (2) Despair
          (3) Detachment
        b. Bowlby's definition of attachment
    B. Attachment research
      1. The strange situation technique
        a. Securely attached
        b. Avoidantly attached
        c. Ambivalently attached
        d. Disorganized/disoriented
    C. New directions in attachment research
      1. Adult attachment interview (AAI)
    D. Fathers and attachment
      1. Differences in mother/father behavior
III. Temperament
    A. The origins of temperament
      1. Genetic role
      2. Interactions with the environment
    B. Implications of temperamental differences
      1. New York Longitudinal Study
      2. Chess and Thomas's categories of temperament
        a. Easy children
        b. Difficult children
        c. Slow-to-warm-up children
    C. Goodness of fit
      1. Maintaining goodness of fit
    D. Sensitive responsiveness
IV. Early emotional development
    A. Emotions and emotional development
      1. Definition of emotions
      2. Emotional communication
    B. Signs of emotional development
    C. Analyzing emotional expressions
      1. Changes in what elicits emotions
      2. Primary and secondary emotions
      3. The smile
        a. Developmental history
        b. Explanations for why infants smile
        c. Antecedents of emotional behavior









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