 |  A Child's World: Infancy through Adolescence, 9/e Diane E. Papalia,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Sally Wendkos Olds
Ruth Duskin Feldman
Physical Development and Health during the First Three Years
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION IAfter reading and reviewing this section of Chapter 6, you should be able to do
the following.
Describe typical changes in weight, height, body shape, and tooth development
during the first 3 years.
Give two examples of the cephalocaudal principle of physical development
and two examples of the proximodistal principle.
Discuss genetic and environmental influences on body growth.
Explain the importance of nutrition and the health advantages of breastfeeding.
Discuss the incidence of breastfeeding among demographic groups and
ways to encourage breastfeeding.
Tell at what ages it is advisable to introduce cow's milk, fruit juices,
and solid foods.
Summarize research on the long-term effects of obesity in infancy.
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| | | LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION IIAfter reading and reviewing this section of Chapter 6, you should be able to
do the following.
Describe the growth and development of the central nervous system before
and after birth.
Name at least four primitive reflexes; explain their purpose and the
significance of their disappearance during infancy, and give an example of
ethnic or cultural variations in reflex behavior.
Explain how an infant's brain is "molded" by experience.
Describe animal studies that support the idea of plasticity of the brain,
and give evidence of the effect of environmental deprivation in humans.
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| | | LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION IIIAfter reading and reviewing this section of Chapter 6, you should be able to
do the following.
Summarize research on the capacities of the five senses at birth and
in the early weeks and months thereafter.
Discuss the need for, and effectiveness of, anesthesia in circumcision
and other surgical procedures done on infants.
Trace the early development of color perception, focus, and binocular
vision.
Explain the significance of very young babies' visual preferences.
Tell how the origins of the senses of smell and taste differ.
Explain the adaptive value of newborns' "sweet tooth" and
discuss the effectiveness of sweet tastes in calming neonates?
Give evidence that hearing develops in the womb.
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| | | LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION IVAfter reading and reviewing this section of Chapter 6, you should be able to
do the following.
Identify three maturational principles that affect motor development,
and tell how they affect the development of the precision grip and the ability
to walk.
Discuss Esther Thelen's critique of traditional maturational theory
and her alternative explanation for early motor development.
Describe the Denver Developmental Screening Test and explain what is
meant by an "average" baby.
List at least five milestones of motor development in infancy and toddlerhood
and the average age at which each is attained.
Explain the significance of crawling for physical, cognitive, and emotional
development.
Tell how motor development influences depth perception and haptic perception.
Give examples of differing rates of development of motor skills in different
societies or cultures and suggest reasons for these differences.
Discuss findings on whether early training can speed up motor development.
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| | | LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR SECTION VAfter reading and reviewing this section of Chapter 6, you should be able to
do the following.
Give reasons why infant mortality has been declining.
Compare the infant mortality rate in the United States with rates in
other industrialized nations.
Explain the relationship between infant mortality and low birthweight,
and analyze differences in infant mortality among ethnic groups.
Cite possible explanations and risk factors for sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS) and recommendations for prevention.
Summarize trends in immunization rates for preventable childhood illnesses,
and explain why some parents hesitate to immunize their children.
Describe cultural differences in sleeping arrangements for infants.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education