Chapter Objectives

I.

Distinguish between cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth patterns.

II.

Describe the physical changes during the first 2 years, including those in height and weight, and changes in brain organization and structure.

III.

Describe each of the eight categories of infant states, then define REM sleep and explain its purpose.

IV.

Describe sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and list its risk factors.

V.

Discuss the array of nutritional needs for the infant, including the pros and cons of breast- versus bottle-feeding and findings about infant malnutrition.

VI.

Summarize the arguments surrounding the question of when to toilet train.

VII.

Describe the various infant reflexes and explain their importance.

VIII.

Explain how the development of gross motor skills and fine motor skills follow the principles of cephalocaudal and proximodistal sequences.

IX.

State how developmental biodynamics explains how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting.

X.

Differentiate between sensation and perception.

XI.

Describe the infant's visual abilities, including visual acuity, color vision, visual preferences, depth perception, and visual expectations.

XII.

Describe the infant's senses in addition to vision, explaining how we know that infants can hear before birth and identifying odors and tastes that newborns can discriminate.

XIII.

Define intermodal perception and the notion of perceptual-motor coupling and unification.

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