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includes being aware of thinking, being aware of one's comprehension or learning, and being able to explain one's thoughts to others. |
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Youth describe themselves and others in more and complicated terms, which leads social relationships to become more sophisticated. |
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The of thinking states that individuals proceed through qualitatively different stages in which thinking changes dramatically from one stage to the next. |
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During adolescence, individuals may use propositional logic only sporadically, a "stage" called . |
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relationships with parents during childhood and receiving explicit instruction in deductive reasoning are associated with higher use of formal operational thinking in adolescence. |
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The characteristics of formal operations probably develop more than Piaget described, rather than in a strict stage-like fashion. |
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The view has sought to determine what specific skills develop as a person matures in thinking ability. |
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Adolescents have better , or the ability to hold information in one's conscious awareness for brief periods. |
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Robbie Case argues that changes in mental skills are likely accounted for by changes in the brain during the maturation process. |
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It is suggested that we have the ability to switch between the use of logical thinking and thinking. This type of thinking is based on past experience, gut feelings, and unconscious processes. |
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Through the use of , scientists have learned much about changes in the structures and functions of the brain during adolescence. |
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Changes in the connections between brain cells (neurons), as well as a possible pruning of connections between brain cells (synapses), especially in the , may cause more efficient and focused information processing. |
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Changes in neurotransmitters in the , a large part of the brain that strongly influences emotions, may make individuals more emotional, more responsive to stress, and less responsive to rewards. |
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The first widely used IQ test was constructed in by Alfred Binet in order to determine which French children would benefit from formal schooling versus "special education." |
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IQ tests typically provide scores that reflect an individual's overall ability compared to one's . |
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The number is used to indicate an "average" level of intelligence on IQ tests. |
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has proposed that there are seven types of intelligence: verbal, mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, self-reflective, interpersonal, and musical. |
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has proposed that there are three separate abilities that make up overall intelligence. |
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was a Russian psychologist who emphasized the broader social context in which cognitive development takes place. |
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During early adolescence, according to Robert Selman, individuals can engage in (thinking of a situation as an objective "third party," "seeing both sides of the coin"). |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education