| History of Astronomy | 23 |
| 1.1Prehistoric Astronomy | 24 |
| The Celestial Sphere | 25 |
| Constellations | 25 |
| Motions of the Sun and Stars | 27 |
| Daily or Diurnal Motion | 27 |
| Annual Motion | 28 |
| The Ecliptic | 28 |
| The Seasons | 30 |
| The Ecliptic's Tilt | 31 |
| Solstices and Equinoxes | 32 |
| The Planets and the Zodiac | 34 |
| The Moon | 36 |
| Eclipses | 38 |
| 1.2Early Ideas of the HeavensClassical Astronomy | 39 |
| The Shape of the Earth | 39 |
| The Size of the Earth | 40 |
| Distance and Size of the Sun and Moon | 41 |
| Extending Our Reach: Measuring the Diameter of Astronomical Objects | 42 |
| The Motion of the Planets | 45 |
| Ptolemy | 45 |
| Islamic Contributions | 46 |
| Asian Contributions | 46 |
| 1.3Astronomy in the Renaissance | 46 |
| Copernicus | 46 |
| Tycho and Kepler | 48 |
| Galileo | 51 |
| 1.4Isaac Newton and the Birth of Astrophysics | 53 |
| 1.5The Growth of Astrophysics | 54 |
| New Discoveries | 54 |
| New Technologies | 54 |
| The Nature of Matter and Heat | 54 |
| The Kelvin Temperature Scale | 55 |
| Projects | 58 |