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1 | |
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger's approach to foreign policy is best characterized as: |
| | A) | Open and public. |
| | B) | Collaborative. |
| | C) | Flexible and pragmatic, but secretive and contemptuous toward the bureaucracy. |
| | D) | Dedicated to achieving a lasting era of peace. |
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2 | |
Nixon and Kissinger sought to end the Vietnam War: |
| | A) | As quickly as possible and at any cost. |
| | B) | By decisively defeating North Vietnam through an amphibious invasion. |
| | C) | Through an international conference aimed at achieving a negotiated settlement. |
| | D) | Honorably and with American credibility left intact. |
| | E) | By agreeing to a coalition government in South Vietnam. |
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3 | |
The Nixon Administration sought to make Hanoi more tractable through all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | Force. |
| | B) | Pressure from Moscow secured through promises of greater Soviet-American trade. |
| | C) | The threat of "massive retaliation." |
| | D) | The promise of a defensive alliance aimed at offsetting the Chinese menace to North Vietnam. |
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4 | |
Nixon coupled the secret bombing of Cambodia in 1969 with: |
| | A) | Calls for an international conference to resolve the Vietnam conflict. |
| | B) | A strident repudiation of diplomacy. |
| | C) | A Congressional resolution authorizing continued action in South Vietnam. |
| | D) | New, massive troop deployments to South Vietnam. |
| | E) | The public announcement of a "comprehensive peace plan" and the beginning of phased troop withdrawals. |
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5 | |
In 1969, Richard Nixon's secret diplomacy and military threats: |
| | A) | Had frightened Hanoi into accepting substantially reduced diplomatic goals. |
| | B) | Spurred the North Vietnamese to storm out of the Paris Peace Talks. |
| | C) | Won the tacit approval of the USSR. |
| | D) | Failed to secure any concessions or to compel Hanoi to alter its long-standing negotiating position. |
| | E) | Opened the way for meaningful talks that soon ended the war. |
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6 | |
After taking substantial losses during the 1968 Tet Offensive, the North Vietnamese military in 1969: |
| | A) | Shifted to a defensive protracted-war strategy. |
| | B) | Launched a massive, end-of-war offensive. |
| | C) | Pulled out of South Vietnam completely. |
| | D) | Continued to pursue an offensive protracted-war strategy. |
| | E) | Adopted a conventional-war strategy based on the belief that it had improved enough to inflict a decisive defeat on the U.S. |
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7 | |
Richard Nixon's DUCK HOOK gambit included the threat to do all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | Launch massive bombing raids. |
| | B) | Decimate North Vietnam's civilian population with chemical and biological weapons. |
| | C) | Blockade North Vietnam's ports. |
| | D) | Employ tactical nuclear weapons in "controlled" situations. |
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8 | |
The October 15, 1969, and November 15, 1969, "moratoriums": |
| | A) | Signaled growing popular support for Nixon's Vietnam policy. |
| | B) | Were far more radical and violent than earlier peace demonstrations. |
| | C) | Indicated the growing strength of the antiwar movement and its increasingly mainstream nature. |
| | D) | Led Nixon to reconsider escalating the war. |
| | E) | Were small and without significant influence. |
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9 | |
"Vietnamization" included: |
| | A) | Turning the bulk of the fighting over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). |
| | B) | Expanding the South Vietnamese military to over one million men. |
| | C) | Providing South Vietnam with modern military hardware including helicopters and M-16 rifles. |
| | D) | Improving pay rates for South Vietnamese soldiers. |
| | E) | All of the above. |
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10 | |
The American and South Vietnamese "incursion" into Cambodia in 1970 was made possible by the overthrow of: |
| | A) | Prince Norodom Sihanouk. |
| | B) | Bui Diem. |
| | C) | Lon Nol. |
| | D) | Sarit Thanarat. |
| | E) | Nguyen Van Thieu. |
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11 | |
American military leaders such as General Creighton Abrams pushed for an invasion of Cambodia in 1970 by arguing that: |
| | A) | The American military would be able to operate more effectively against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in Cambodia than in South Vietnam. |
| | B) | Doing so would bring Cambodia's superb army into the war on America's side. |
| | C) | An invasion of Cambodia would give Vietnamization time to succeed and would finally allow the U.S. to clear out PAVN's strategic Cambodian sanctuaries. |
| | D) | The operation would rally the American people to the war effort. |
| | E) | An invasion would force Hanoi to adopt a more flexible diplomatic agenda at the Paris Peace Talks. |
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12 | |
The April 1970, invasion of Cambodia: |
| | A) | Was a resounding success for the U.S. |
| | B) | Was a crushing defeat from which the American military never recovered. |
| | C) | Restored order to Cambodia and thereby ensured that Lon Nol's new government was stable enough to survive the Vietnam War. |
| | D) | Produced limited military results and came at a stiff political price for President Nixon. |
| | E) | Forced Hanoi to make major concessions to the U.S. at the Paris Peace Talks. |
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13 | |
Nixon's invasion of Cambodia in 1970 resulted in: |
| | A) | A groundswell of popular support for the Administration's Vietnam policy. |
| | B) | Renewed congressional support for the war. |
| | C) | The President's determination to seek peace at any cost. |
| | D) | Massive demonstrations on college campuses and Congressional consideration of amendments designed to limit American involvement in Vietnam. |
| | E) | Little change in popular attitudes toward the war. |
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14 | |
During 1971, the Nixon Administration pursued its objectives in South Vietnam through all of the following actions EXCEPT: |
| | A) | Agreeing to North Vietnam's negotiating demands. |
| | B) | Conducting "protective reaction" airstrikes against North Vietnam. |
| | C) | Having the South Vietnamese army invade Laos. |
| | D) | Ordering the removal of 100,000 more American troops. |
| | E) | Mounting heavy air attacks on supply lines in Laos and Cambodia. |
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15 | |
Peace discussions between the U.S. and North Vietnam in 1971 broke down over: |
| | A) | America's refusal to abandon the concept of mutual withdrawal. |
| | B) | North Vietnam's insistence that the U.S. remove Thieu from power as a precondition for a peace agreement. |
| | C) | Hanoi's demand that the release of prisoners of war be related to the withdrawal of American forces. |
| | D) | Le Duc Tho's insistence that Thieu remain President of South Vietnam. |
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16 | |
The United States responded to the 1972 Easter Offensive by: |
| | A) | Deploying 85,000 additional American troops to North Vietnam. |
| | B) | Proposing a new peace initiative that acceded to all of Hanoi's demands. |
| | C) | Launching massive airstrikes, mining Haiphong harbor, and blockading the North Vietnamese coast. |
| | D) | Threatening to use nuclear weapons against North Vietnam's principal cities. |
| | E) | Helping South Vietnam launch a counterattack across the demilitarized zone (DMZ). |
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17 | |
The October 1972, peace agreement hammered out by Le Duc Tho and Henry Kissinger broke down because: |
| | A) | South Vietnamese President Thieu opposed any deal that let North Vietnamese troops remain in the south. |
| | B) | North Vietnamese hard liners insisted on the complete surrender of South Vietnam. |
| | C) | Secretary of State William Rogers leaked damaging details to the press. |
| | D) | The National Liberation Front launched a provocative offensive. |
| | E) | Antiwar activists in the United States strongly opposed it. |
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18 | |
As part of the American effort to secure Thieu's approval of a peace deal in December 1972, Nixon: |
| | A) | Provided South Vietnam with over $1 billion of military equipment. |
| | B) | Gave "absolute assurances" that the U.S. would retaliate against North Vietnam if Hanoi violated the peace accord. |
| | C) | Threatened to cut a deal that served only American interests. |
| | D) | Ordered intensive bombing attacks against North Vietnam. |
| | E) | All of the above. |
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19 | |
The 1972 Christmas Bombings: |
| | A) | Forced Hanoi to accept a peace agreement highly favorable to the United States. |
| | B) | Had no impact whatsoever. |
| | C) | Turned the tide in the war in favor of the United States. |
| | D) | Led to a peace accord that was essentially the same as the deal negotiated in October 1972. |
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20 | |
The January 1973 peace accord resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | The return of American prisoners of war. |
| | B) | The resolution of the political future of South Vietnam. |
| | C) | The continued presence of North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam. |
| | D) | The recognition of the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG). |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education