Chapter Outline

Chapter 10 focuses on the major conceptions of motivation, discussing how the different motives and needs people experience jointly affect behavior. The theories of motivation draw upon basic instincts, drives, levels of arousal, expectations, and self-realization as possible sources of motives. Thirst and hunger are two motives that have a physiological basis and the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power are learned motives. Next, the chapter presents three major theories of emotion: the James-Lange Theory, the Cannon-Bard Theory, and the Schachter-Singer Theory. The chapter concludes with similarities in facial expressions and non-verbal behavior across cultures.

To further investigate the topics covered in this chapter, you can visit the related websites by visiting the following link:
http://www.mhhe.com/feldmanup6-10links.

Prologue: Tour de Lance

• Looking Ahead

Section 1: Explaining Motivation

• Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated
• Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs
• Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction
• Incentive Approaches: Motivation's Pull
• Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation
• Maslow's Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs
• Applying the Different Approaches to Motivation

Section 2: Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring

• The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating
• Eating Disorders

• The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success
• The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship
• The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others

Section 3: Understanding Emotional Experiences

• The Functions of Emotions
• Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings

• The James-Lange Theory: Do Gut Reactions Equal Emotions?
• The Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological Reactions as the Result of Emotions
• The Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotions as Labels
• Contemporary Perspectives on Emotion
• The Truth About Lies: Using Emotional Responses to Separate the Dishonest from the Honest

Section 4: Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions

• The Facial-Feedback Hypothesis: Smile, Though You're Feeling Blue