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Understanding Psychology, 6/e

Robert S. Feldman, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Learning


1	Maturation is due to
		A)	biological changes.
		B)	learning.
		C)	experience.
		D)	consistent practice


2	_______________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
		A)	Latent learning
		B)	Classical conditioning
		C)	Operant conditioning
		D)	Observational learning


3	When a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears, ______________ has occurred.
		A)	spontaneous recovery
		B)	stimulus discrimination
		C)	extinction
		D)	negative reinforcement


4	An example of a secondary reinforcer would be
		A)	warmth.
		B)	relief from pain.
		C)	food.
		D)	money.


5	Which reinforcement schedule leads to a steady rate of responses?
		A)	fixed-ratio
		B)	variable-interval
		C)	ratio-variable
		D)	fixed-interval


6	Shaping is an example of
		A)	operant conditioning.
		B)	classical conditioning.
		C)	latent learning.
		D)	observational learning.


7	Most experts agree that watching high levels of media violence
		A)	has no effect on behavior.
		B)	makes viewers more susceptible to acting aggressively.
		C)	has more negative effects than playing violent computer and video games.
		D)	probably sensitizes viewers to violence, increasing empathy for victims.


8	______________ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
		A)	Behavior modification
		B)	Systematic desensitization
		C)	Shaping
		D)	Observational learning


9	In Pavlov's original experiment, the meat was the
		A)	conditioned stimulus.
		B)	unconditioned stimulus.
		C)	conditioned response.
		D)	unconditioned response.


10	After Ryan misbehaved, his parents grounded him from video games for one week. This is an example of
		A)	negative punishment.
		B)	positive punishment.
		C)	negative reinforcement.
		D)	positive reinforcement.


11	Adding something pleasant is to ______________ what removing something good is to ______________.
		A)	positive reinforcement; negative punishment
		B)	positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
		C)	positive punishment; negative punishment
		D)	negative reinforcement; positive punishment


12	Someone who contributes money to her church every Sunday donates according to a ______________ reinforcement schedule.
		A)	variable-ratio
		B)	fixed-ratio
		C)	variable-interval
		D)	fixed-interval


13	In Bandura's famous experiment, children observed adults hitting a Bobo doll and later did the same themselves. This illustrates
		A)	classical conditioning.
		B)	operant conditioning.
		C)	observational learning.
		D)	partial reinforcement.


14	Payoffs for lotteries or raffle drawings are given on a
		A)	variable-interval basis.
		B)	variable-ratio basis.
		C)	fixed-ratio basis.
		D)	continuous basis.


15	15. The existence of ______________ supports the idea that learning may occur even though it is not yet evident in performance.
		A)	partial reinforcement
		B)	latent learning
		C)	shaping
		D)	classical conditioning

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