 |
| 1 | |
_____________ conditioning is a learning process in which an individual acquires a set of behaviors through reinforcement. |
| | A) | Respondent |
| | B) | Operant |
| | C) | Classical |
| | D) | Pavlovian |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
Which learning technique have parents and animal trainers known for many years as a way of establishing complex behaviors through gradual steps? |
| | A) | Discrimination training |
| | B) | Classical conditioning |
| | C) | Punishment |
| | D) | Shaping |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Ideas so deeply entrenched that an individual is not even aware that they lead to disturbing feelings of unhappiness and discouragement are referred to by Beck as: |
| | A) | dysfunctional attitudes. |
| | B) | automatic thoughts. |
| | C) | false cognitions. |
| | D) | irrational beliefs. |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
The statement, "I must be liked or loved by virtually every other person I come in contact with, otherwise I am worthless," in cognitive perspective terms is an example of a(n): |
| | A) | faulty cognition. |
| | B) | dysfunctional attitude. |
| | C) | irrational belief. |
| | D) | activating experience. |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Jeremy continually gets drunk in a smoke-filled bar, where the jukebox always plays loud country music. Eventually, even before he starts drinking in this bar, his speech gets slurred. The slurring of his speech in response to the smoke-filled room and the country music is a(n): |
| | A) | unconditioned response. |
| | B) | conditioned stimulus. |
| | C) | conditioned response. |
| | D) | unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
Which perspective argues that indirect reinforcement can also affect behavior? |
| | A) | Family systems |
| | B) | Humanism |
| | C) | Psychoanalysis |
| | D) | Social learning |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Carl is running outside in his white tennis shoes when he looks down to see a snake slithering near his feet. Terrified, he yelps and half runs/half dances to get around the snake. The next morning, Carl experiences fear and anxiety when he goes to put on his shoes. The shoes are the: |
| | A) | unconditioned stimulus. |
| | B) | conditioned response. |
| | C) | unconditioned response. |
| | D) | conditioned stimulus. |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
To shape and maintain a behavior, the most efficient means would be _______________, but if a behavior were learned by means of _______________, then it would be _______________ to extinguish. |
| | A) | classical conditioning; operant conditioning; more difficult |
| | B) | operant conditioning; classical conditioning; less difficult |
| | C) | a continuous reinforcement schedule; a partial reinforcement schedule; more difficult |
| | D) | a continuous reinforcement schedule; a partial reinforcement schedule; less difficult |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
A major problem for cognitive theories is: |
| | A) | The fact that they are abstract and cannot be tested scientifically. |
| | B) | The fact that they do not seem to recognize people's "free will." |
| | C) | The fact that they have not shown convincingly that cognitions precede and cause disorders. |
| | D) | The fact that they are studied in laboratories that do not resemble the real world. |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
The term "cognition" refers to: |
| | A) | the experiencing of emotions and moods. |
| | B) | thinking and information processing. |
| | C) | the process of bringing unconscious material into consciousness. |
| | D) | taking control of your life and exercising free will. |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Why is the study of cognition important to abnormal psychology? |
| | A) | Cognitions reveal the unconscious impulses that drive behavior. |
| | B) | Cognitions are both symptoms and causes for many disorders. |
| | C) | Cognitions involve the objective consequences that control behavior. |
| | D) | Cognitions are the heart of psychoanalytic theory. |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Early behavioral stimulus-response theories were criticized for ignoring which important learning factor? |
| | A) | Punishment |
| | B) | Reward |
| | C) | The unconscious |
| | D) | Thinking |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Cognitive theorists believe that the most important reinforcers for behavior come from: |
| | A) | biological predispositions. |
| | B) | the physical environment. |
| | C) | the social environment. |
| | D) | within the person. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
When Tim was a child, he had painful dental work performed. Each visit filled him with fear. His dentist always had the waiting room radio tuned to a classical music station. As an adult, Tim experiences a wave of anxiety when he hears classical music on the radio. What is the conditioned stimulus? |
| | A) | Classical music on the radio |
| | B) | Anxiety at the sound of classical music |
| | C) | Painful dental work |
| | D) | Anxiety about the painful dental work |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
Bill feeds his cat canned cat food. He notices that the cat comes running at the sound of the can opener because that sound has been associated with being fed. Translating this situation into respondent conditioning language, the cat food would be a(n): |
| | A) | conditioned stimulus. |
| | B) | unconditioned stimulus. |
| | C) | conditioned response. |
| | D) | unconditioned response. |
|
|
.