Structural hypothesis describes interaction of forces
Id refers to primitive biological drives
Aggression is drive
Libido is the sexual drive and major source of
psychic energy
Id operates on pleasure principle
Ego mediates between id and forces that restrict id's
satisfactions
Ego operates on the reality principle.
Because of reality principle, higher functions, such
as language, perception, and memory, develop
Superego represents moral standards of society and
the parents
The Dynamics of the Mind
When ego is overwhelmed by demands of id and superego, anxiety
is experienced
Anxiety signals ego that danger is at hand
Anxiety can be managed in several ways
Ego defense mechanisms distort or deny reality and
are adaptive up to a point
Repression--pushing down into unconscious unacceptable
id impulses; most fundamental defense mechanism
Projection--unacceptable impulses are attributed
to others
Displacement--transferring of emotion from one
object to another
Rationalization--offering socially acceptable
reasons for behavior done for unconscious and unacceptable
motives
Isolation--avoiding unacceptable feelings by cutting
them off from events to which they are attached and reacting
to events emotionlessly
Intellectualization--using smokescreen of abstract
intellectual analysis of emotion
Denial--refusing to acknowledge external source
of anxiety
Reaction formation--repressing anxiety-arousing
feelings and expressing the exact opposite
Regression--returning to a earlier developmental
stage
Undoing--engaging in ritual behavior or thought
to cancel an unacceptable impulse
Sublimation--transforming and expressing sexual
or aggressive energy into more socially acceptable forms
The Stages of Psychosexual Development
Psychosexual development refers to series of stages
in which child is motivated to gratify sexual and aggressive drives
in body zones
Ways in which id strivings are handled in these stages has
consequences for adult personality
The oral stage
Mouth is focus of id
Search for oral stimulation
The anal stage
Anus is focus
Gratification gotten from retaining and expelling feces
Toilet training seen as crucial event since it is first
difficult demand on ego
The phallic stage
Genitals are focus
Gratification gotten from masturbation
Oedipus complex is experienced
Boys experience castration anxiety
Girls experience Electra complex and penis envy
Both boys and girls later identify with same-sex parent
incorporating values from which superego develops
Latency and genital stage
Latency stage characterized by dormant sexual impulses
Genital stage is final phase of development and
when sexual impulses reawaken
Normal and Abnormal Behavior
Normal personality functioning motivated by irrational id
Abnormal personality motivated by irrational drives and childhood
experiences
Neuroses are conditions of abnormal personality functioning
involving ever-increasing anxiety, defenses, and maladaptive functioning
Psychosis occurs when the ego collapses and involves
a flood of id impulses and anxiety
The Descendants of Freud
Revisions of Freud's theory involve three trends
Pronounced emphasis on ego, less on sex
Child's social relationships as central determinant of behavior
Extended period of critical developmental influences
Carl Gustav Jung believed that the mind contains personal unconscious
and also collective unconscious; the goal in therapy is integration
to become whole
Alfred Adler believed that the primary motivator is striving to
attain goals and overcome handicaps; relationships with others are
important; inferiority complex, superiority and the creative self
Harry Stack Sullivan believed that abnormality is rooted in poor
parent-child relationships; he developed milieu therapy for the treatment
of psychoses
Karen Horney believed that psychological disturbance was a result
of basic anxiety and a pervasive view of world as impersonal and cold;
placed emphasis on men's greater prestige and opportunities
Heniz Hartmann believed that the ego develops independently of
id and has its own functions; conflict-free expressions of ego are
mind's cognitive process; developed ego psychology
Erik Erikson believed that ego identity was the product
of the psychosocial development; personality affected by family and
others; developmental stages occur throughout the life span characterized
by challenges to ego
Margaret Mahler developed object relations; a child's interaction
with the mother was the most important in psychological development;
process of separation-individuation is greater and greater
independence
Heniz Kohut developed self-psychology; development of self
was dependent on vigor and calmness
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory; the
basic determinant of adult personality is attachment; conducted studies
of infant-mother pairs using Strange Situation paradigm
The Psychodynamic Approach to Therapy
Psychoanalysis is foundation of psychodynamic therapies
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Source of neurosis was anxiety experienced by ego
Bring unconscious material out into consciousness
Analyst interprets client's remarks using four techniques
In free association, client verbalizes whatever
thoughts come to mind without censoring them
Dream interpretation allows identification of
manifest content and latent content
Client may show resistance to avoid painful material;
analyst interprets resistance
In analysis of transference, analyst assesses
transfer of emotion from important people in client's life
to analyst
Modern Psychodynamic Therapy
A modified form of psychoanalysis is practiced today
Therapists take a more active role in therapy session
Pay more attention to client's current life
Most therapy is briefer and less intensive
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic Theory versus the Medical Model
Was first purely psychological approach to abnormal behavior
Saw abnormal behavior to be problem in individual's emotional
life
Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory
Lack of experimental support
Claims have never been tested in scientifically controlled
experiments
Case studies open to bias
Clinical evidence used since phenomena is too complex
Some evidence supports and some evidence contradicts
Freudian theory
Dependence on inference
Assumption is mental processes are unconscious and therefore
must rely on inference
Inference subject to bias
Unrepresentative sampling and cultural bias
Theory based on limited sample of middle-class Viennese
women between 20 and 45 years old
Freud lived in society that emphasized social-class distinctions
Reductionism
Dismal view of human life
Humans driven by instincts beyond conscious control
The Contributions of Psychodynamic Theory
Theory helped to demythologize mental disorders
Mentally disturbed have no monopoly on irrationality
Importance of increasing client's self-knowledge underlies
most forms of psychotherapy
Influenced art, literature, history, and education
The Humanistic-Existential Perspective
Introduction
Humanistic-existential psychology as an outgrowth and reaction
to the psychodynamic perspective
Repelled by Freudian thinkers, believed it to be an inadequate
theory
Took exception to pessimistic thinking
Believed in individualism, freedom, human growth, and potential
Basic Assumptions
Humanistic and existentialists believe in three basic premises
Importance of understanding and entering into the patient's
subjective world (more so, the Phenomenological Approach)
The promise of human potential and its uniqueness
The importance of authenticity and its relation to freedom
and responsibility
Humanistic Psychology
Emphatically positive about the human being
Saw few constraints on the individual
Individuals are basically good: rational, socialized,
and constructive beings
2. Key individuals in the Humanistic approach and movement
3. Psychologist Carl Rogers
Valuing process
Actualizing tendency
Congruence
Capacity for self-actualization
Began Client-centered and Person-centered Psychological approach
to psychotherapy
Psychologist Abraham Maslow
The Hierarchy of Needs
Five Basic structures to his hierarchy
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belongingness needs
Esteem needs
Self-actualization
Existential Psychology
Individuals have lost their sense of value in the modern world
because of conformity resulting in inauthenticity and denial of true
self
Alienation
Ultimate meaningless
Nonthingness
Emphasized values and personal responsibility
Key individuals in the Existential Movement and approach
Rollo May
Viktor Frankl
Variations of the Humanistic-Existential Movement
The Process-Experiential Approach
Emphasizes the role of emotion and avoidance of
psychological painful emotions and maladjustment
Focus is on the curative process and integration
The focus of psychotherapy is to remove blocks that prevent
clients from experiencing emotion and to facilitate change
Attempts are made to achiever greater integration of emotional
experiences
The Interpersonal Approach
Is not one but several approaches
Emphasizes the importance of relationships with others
for psychological adjustment
This approach has been tailored to specific disorders, e.g.,
depression, schizophrenia, etc.
Harry Stack Sullivan is an early contributor to and pioneer in
this approach
Researchers have found adverse environments and unfavorable interpersonal
relations to be contributors to mental disorder and maladjustment
An outgrowth of the Interpersonal Approach is Interpersonal Psychotherapy
or IPT
The cornerstone of IPT is to provide the therapeutic mechanism
for personal improvement and individual relief of psychiatric
or psychological symptoms
Focus in treatment is the "here and now"
IPT also focuses on disputes and role changes
Integrating Approaches
Approaches are not competing with each other but rather seen as
complimentary and or even converging views
Some of the approaches have "common threads" and denominators
found in each model
Interpersonal themes crop up in modern perspectives
Some argue that integrating various approaches is a way to deal
with quarrelsome perspectives to understanding human beings and their
difficulties and struggles to find personal adjustment
