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1 | |
Martin Luther's criticism of the Roman Catholic Church was greatly aided by |
| | A) | the printing press. |
| | B) | the enthusiastic support of clergy in the Catholic Church. |
| | C) | local newspapers. |
| | D) | active guilds and artisans. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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2 | |
Martin Luther's work had an enthusiastic popular support because |
| | A) | he attacked the sale of indulgences that the poor could not afford. |
| | B) | many Christians shared his concern about the corruption of the Church. |
| | C) | many German princes saw this as a way to break away from the Church. |
| | D) | he supported the translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular languages. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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3 | |
What political motivations encouraged the spread of Protestantism? |
| | A) | Protestantism provided people an opportunity to overthrow monarchies. |
| | B) | Protestantism encouraged people to claim their individual rights. |
| | C) | Protestantism encouraged militarism in European nations. |
| | D) | Protestantism provided monarchs an opportunity to break away from the political domination of Rome. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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4 | |
In response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church |
| | A) | launched a military campaign against the German states. |
| | B) | abandoned its monasteries in Germany. |
| | C) | abandoned the practice of selling indulgences. |
| | D) | summoned a council to clarify doctrine and strengthen their spiritual commitment. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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5 | |
What was the principle work of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)? |
| | A) | to expose witches and heretics. |
| | B) | to be disciplined, educated representatives of the Church throughout the world. |
| | C) | to be soldiers for Jesus in the battle against the Protestants. |
| | D) | to direct the Court of the Inquisition on behalf of the pope. |
| | E) | to raise money for the Church by selling indulgences. |
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6 | |
One reason for the hysterical witch-hunts of the sixteenth century was that |
| | A) | the conflicts of the Reformation contributed to a climate of suspicion and violence. |
| | B) | unusual natural phenomena suggested supernatural causes. |
| | C) | desperate people turned to magic to try and improve their lives. |
| | D) | new texts claimed scientific evidence of witchcraft. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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7 | |
The Thirty Years' War began when |
| | A) | The pope tried to force his subjects to return to the Catholic Church. |
| | B) | Elizabeth I attempted to force Protestantism on Spain. |
| | C) | Charles V attempted to imprison Martin Luther. |
| | D) | The Holy Roman Emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Catholicism. |
| | E) | Louis XIV invaded the Low Countries. |
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8 | |
Who benefited most from the religious controversy generated by the Reformation? |
| | A) | the people, because they had religious freedom. |
| | B) | the peasants, because they were able to leave the estates and move in to the cities. |
| | C) | centralizing monarchs, because they gained more independent authority. |
| | D) | the Catholic Church, because it gained more committed supporters. |
| | E) | the Islamic empires, because Europe was divided and weakened. |
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9 | |
Which of the following was not part of Charles V's holdings? |
| | A) | Austria. |
| | B) | England. |
| | C) | the Netherlands. |
| | D) | Hungary. |
| | E) | Spain. |
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10 | |
Charles V was unable to forge a united empire for all of the following reasons except |
| | A) | The Lutheran challenge sapped much of his attention. |
| | B) | French kings undermined his efforts and allied themselves with his enemies. |
| | C) | There was no central administration to the empire; each state was governed separately. |
| | D) | His empire was geographically fragmented. |
| | E) | He alienated the pope for failing to crush Luther. |
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11 | |
The new monarchs were characterized by all of the following except |
| | A) | large centrally administered bureaucracies. |
| | B) | standing professional armies. |
| | C) | increased state revenues through taxes. |
| | D) | enhanced power at the expense of the nobles. |
| | E) | a commitment to individual liberty. |
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12 | |
The Spanish Inquisition relied on religious justifications to advance what political ends? |
| | A) | increasing the revenues for the Spanish crown. |
| | B) | raising a vast army for Spain. |
| | C) | discouraging the Spanish nobles from adopting Protestantism. |
| | D) | crushing a suspected Muslim rebellion. |
| | E) | none of the above. |
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13 | |
Seventeenth-century constitutional monarchies are characterized by all of the following except |
| | A) | representational institutions such as Parliament. |
| | B) | a system of shared authority. |
| | C) | state support for maritime trade and international commerce. |
| | D) | recognition of individual rights. |
| | E) | the election of the monarch by the merchant class. |
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14 | |
According to the divine-right theory of government, |
| | A) | power and authority are based on a contract between the sovereign and his citizens. |
| | B) | the king derives his authority from God alone and is not accountable to his subjects. |
| | C) | the king has a divine mandate to serve his people well; if he violates that trust then he can be overthrown. |
| | D) | the people and the state exist only to enrich the sovereign. |
| | E) | God is the real sovereign and the Church represents His authority in earthly matters. |
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15 | |
Louis XIV managed to control the nobles of France and their activities by |
| | A) | crushing the most powerful nobles in a civil war early in his reign. |
| | B) | heavily taxing the nobles' estates so they could no longer fund private armies. |
| | C) | requiring the nobility to live at Versailles where he could distract them and keep an eye on them. |
| | D) | appointing hundreds of new nobles from the merchant class, who were loyal to him. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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16 | |
The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended of the Thirty Years' War, ensured that |
| | A) | Germany remained fragmented. |
| | B) | the nations of Europe would no longer go to war over religion. |
| | C) | each nation was permitted to direct its own internal affairs. |
| | D) | the balance of power was the new principle of European diplomacy. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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17 | |
The population of Europe grew dramatically in the seventeenth century because of |
| | A) | improved nutrition with new American food crops. |
| | B) | new agricultural technology, which increased output. |
| | C) | the development of the first immunizations for smallpox and plague. |
| | D) | improved public health and sanitation. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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18 | |
New institutions that supported early capitalism included all of the following except |
| | A) | banks and lending institutions. |
| | B) | craft guilds. |
| | C) | stock exchanges. |
| | D) | joint-stock companies. |
| | E) | insurance companies. |
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19 | |
The putting-out system was profitable for all of the following groups except whom? |
| | A) | the entrepreneurs who moved cloth production into the countryside. |
| | B) | the rural workers who did the spinning and weaving. |
| | C) | the consumers who bought the finished cloth. |
| | D) | the merchant and traders who shipped woolen cloth outside the country. |
| | E) | the guild members who specialized in specific elements of cloth production such as weaving or dying. |
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20 | |
Which individual is incorrectly paired with a scientific discovery? |
| | A) | Newton and the principle of gravity. |
| | B) | Kepler and the planetary orbits. |
| | C) | Galileo and the principle of inertia. |
| | D) | Copernicus and the sun-centered model of the universe. |
| | E) | Ptolemy and the moons of Jupiter. |
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21 | |
Galileo's discoveries would not have been possible without |
| | A) | the telescope. |
| | B) | the printing press. |
| | C) | the astrolabe. |
| | D) | the development of calculus. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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22 | |
Isaac Newton's work seemed to suggest that |
| | A) | the solar system was only one of many thousand such systems in an infinite universe. |
| | B) | the stars and planets were part of a unified system, governed by the same natural laws. |
| | C) | God was indifferent to the prayers and concerns of humanity. |
| | D) | it was possible to mathematically prove the existence of God. |
| | E) | time and space were relative, not absolute constructs. |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education