Books.

Reconstruction: General Studies. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2001). Pamela Brandwein, Reconstructing Reconstruction: The Supreme Court and the Production of Historical Truth (1999). Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, ed., The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations. (1999). E. Merton Coulter, The South During Reconstruction (1947). W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (1935). William A. Dunning, Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865--1877 (1907). Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (1988). John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction After the Civil War (1961). Rembert Patrick, The Reconstruction of the Nation (1967). Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865--1877 (1965). C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South (1951).

Early Reconstruction. Richard H. Abbott, The First Southern Strategy: The Republican Party and the South, 1855--1877 (1986). Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union (1969). Louis S. Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman (1973). William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction (1960). Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (1964). Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861--1868 (1991).

Congressional Reconstruction. Howard K. Beale, The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1930). Herman Belz, A New Birth of Freedom (1976); Emancipation and Equal Rights (1978). Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863-1869 (1974); The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (1973). Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859--1877 (1990). William R. Brock, An American Crisis (1963). Fawn Brodie, Thaddeus Stevens (1959). La Wanda Cox and John H. Cox, Politics, Principles, and Prejudice, 1865--1867 (1963) Richard N. Current, Old Thad Stevens (1942). David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (1970); The Politics of Reconstruction (1965). Charles Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion (1971). William Gillette, The Right to Vote (1965). Stephen P. Halbrook, Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866-1876 (1998). Harold Hyman, A More Perfect Union (1973). Stanley Kutler, The Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics (1968). Eric McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1960). Mark W. Summers, Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity (1984). Hans L. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans (1963); The Impeachment of a President (1975); Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1989).

The South in Reconstruction. Roberta Alexander, North Carolina Faces the Freedmen: Race Relations During Presidential Reconstruction, 1865--1867 (1985). James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South (1989). George Bentley, A History of the Freedmen's Bureau (1955). Dan Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865--1867 (1985). Richard N. Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers (1988). Jane Dailey, Before Jim Crow: The Politics of Race in Postemancipation Virginia (2000). Barbara Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground (1985). Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy (1983). William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869--1879 (1980); The Right to Vote: Politics and Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment (1969). William C. Harris, The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi, 1867-1875 (1979). Robert Higgs, Competition and Coercion: Blacks in the American Economy, 1865-1914 (1977). Thomas Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction (1977). Elizabeth Jacoway, Yankee Missionaries in the South (1979). Jacqueline Jones, Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865--1873 (1980); Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (1985). Peter Kolchin, First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama's Blacks to Emancipation (1972). Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979). Richard Lowe, Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1865--1870 (1991). Peyton McCrary, Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction (1978). William S. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (1968). Edward Miller Jr., Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839-1915 (1995). Scott Reynolds Nelson, Iron Confederacies: Southern Railways, Klan Violence, and Reconstruction (1999). Otto Olsen, Carpetbagger's Crusade: Albion Winegar Tourg‚ (1965). Carl Moneyhon, The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Arkansas (1994). Michael Perman, Reunion Without Compromise (1973); The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869--1979 (1984). L. N. Powell, New Masters: Northern Planters During the Civil War and Reconstruction (1980). Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (1977). C. Peter Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana (1976). John C. Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Lousiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862-1880 (2001). Julie Saville, The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860-1870 (1994). James Sefton, The United States Army and Reconstruction (1967). Crandall A. Shifflett, Patronage and Poverty in the Tobacco South: Louisa County, Virginia, 1860--1900 (1982). Joel G. Taylor, Louisiana Reconstructed (1974). Allen Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (1967). Ted Tunnell, Edge of the Sword: The Ordeal of Carpetbagger Marshall H. Twitchell in the Civil War and Reconstruction (2001). Michael Wayne, The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District (1983). Vernon Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865--1890 (1965). Sarah Wiggins, The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865--1881 (1977). Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction (1965). John C. Willis, Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War (2000).

The Grant Administration. William B. Hesseltine, U. S. Grant, Politician (1935). Ari Hoogenboom, Outlawing the Spoils (1961). David Loth, Public Plunder (1938). William McFeely, Grant (1981). Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish (1936). K. I. Polakoff, The Politics of Inertia (1973). Frank Scaturro, President Grant Reconsidered (1999). John G. Sproat, "The Best Men" (1968). Jean Edward Smith, Grant (2001). Margaret S. Thompson, The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant (1985). Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era (1964). C Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction (1951).

The New South. Edward Ayers, The Promise of the New South (1992). Paul Buck, The Road to Reunion (1937). Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (1985); Orville Vernon Burton and Robert C. McMath, Jr., eds., Toward a New South? Studies in Post-Civil War Southern Communities (1982). W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (1941). Dan R. Frost, Thinking Confederates: Academia and the Idea of Progress in the New South (2000). Paul Gaston, The New South Creed (1970). J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds., Region, Race, and Reconstruction (1982). John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture during the Civil War Era, 1860-1880 (1994). Howard Rabinowitz, The First New South, 1865-1920 (1992). John Reps, Cities of the Mississippi (1994). Edward Royce, The Origins of Southern Sharecropping (1993). William G. Thomas, Lawyering for the Railroad: Business, Law, and Power in the New South (1999). Jonathan Wiener, Social Origins of the New South: Alabama, 1860--1885 (1978). C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South (1951); The Burden of Southern History (rev., 1968); American Counterpoint (1971); The Strange Career of Jim Crow (rev. 1974); Thinking Back (1986); The Future of the Past (1989).

Politics in the New South. Jane Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, ed., Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights (2000). Kenneth E. Davison, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1972). Carl Degler, The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century (1974). Vincent P. DeSantis, Republicans Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877--1897 (1959). Sheldon Hackney, Populism to Progressivism in Alabama (1959). Stanley P. Hirshson, Farewell to the Bloody Shirt: Northern Republicans and the Southern Negro (1962). Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (2000). V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics and the Nation (1949). J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880--1910 (1974). Paul Lewinson, Race, Class, and Party (1932). David Potter, The South and the Concurrent Majority (1972). Francis B. Simkins, Pitchfork Ben Tillman (1944). Joseph F. Wall, Henry Watterson: Reconstructed Rebel (1956). Harold Woodman, New South - New Law (1995). C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction (1951); Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938).

Race, Economics, and Social Structure. Mia Bay, The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830-1925 (2000). Francis Broderick, W. E. B. DuBois (1959). W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930 (1993). David Carlton, Mill and Town in South Carolina, 1880-1920 (1982). Edward J. Cashin and Glenn T. Eskew, ed., Paternalism in a Southern City: Race, Religion, and Gender in Augusta, Georgia (2001). Melvin Greenhut and W. Tate Whitman, eds., Essays in Southern Economic Development (1964). John W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (1982). Robert Dykstra, Bright Radical Star: Black Freedom and White Supremacy on the Hawkeye Frontier (1993). Richard Paul Fuke, Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confines of White Racial Attitudes in Post-Emancipation Maryland (1999). Janette Thomas Greenwood, Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White "Better Classes" in Charlotte, 1850-1910 (1994). Stephen P. Halbrook, Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866-1876 (1998). Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry (1983). Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, eds., The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation (1985). Jacquelyn Dowd Hall et al., Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (1987). Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856--1901 (1972); Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee: 1901--1915 (1983). Robert Higgs, Competition and Coercion: Blacks in the American Economy, 1865-1914 (1977). Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie, Freedpeople in the Tobacco South: Virginia, 1860-1900 (1999). Melton A. McLaurin, Paternalism and Protest: Southern Cotton Mill Workers and Organized Labor (1971). James M. McPherson, The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP (1975). August Meier, Negro Thought in America (1963). Rachel F. Moran, Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race and Romance (2001). Cynthia Neverdon-Morton, Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895--1925 (1989). David Oshinsky, Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Prison and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (1996). Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908 (2001). Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (1978). Roger Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom (1977). Elliott M. Rudwick, W. E. B. DuBois: Propagandist of Negro Protest (rev., 1969). Ronald E. Seavoy, The American Peasantry: Southern Agricultural Labor and Its Legacy, 1850-1995 (1998). Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields, McCoys, and Social Changes: Appalachia, 1860--1900 (1988). Joel Williamson, After Slavery (1965); The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (1985); A Rage for Order (1986), an abridgment of The Crucible of Race. C.Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (rev. 1974). Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (1986).

Films.

The American Story, No. 14: Reconstruction and No. 14: Rebuilding the Union (1985). The Civil War: Promise of Reconstruction (1972). Reconstructing the South. Reconstruction & Segregation 1870-1910 (1996).

Internet Resources.

The Freedmen and Southern Society Project - http://www.inform.umd.edu/ARHU/Depts/History/Freedman/home.html
The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois - http://www.bartleby.com/114/
Uncle Remus - http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG97/remus/contents.html